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香榧Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’为红豆杉科Taxaceae榧属Torreya植物,是榧树Torreya grandis中的变异类型经无性繁殖形成的品种[1−2]。香榧为常绿针叶乔木,主要生长在中国南方较为湿润的地区,包括浙江、江苏、安徽、福建等省份。香榧种仁是珍贵的干果,油脂含量高,尤其富含金松酸等多种功能性多不饱和脂肪酸,对预防心脑血管疾病、防治中风和老年痴呆方面具有显著疗效[3−4]。关于香榧油脂的研究主要包括油脂组成、提取方法和功能特性等方面[5−7]。近年来,香榧油脂的分子调控机制研究表明:油脂合成相关基因和一些关键转录因子对香榧油脂合成产生重要作用[8−9]。基于此,本研究对香榧种仁营养成分中的油脂及其合成调控机制进行了综述,以便为香榧油脂的深度开发和利用提供参考。
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香榧干果口感香脆、经济价值高,这主要得益于其高含油率及丰富的功能性不饱和脂肪酸。香榧种仁含油率为42.67%~61.47%[2]。香榧种仁含有饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸,其中以不饱和脂肪酸为主,主要为亚油酸、油酸和金松酸;饱和脂肪酸以山嵛酸和棕榈酸为主[4]。陈振德等[5]研究发现:榧属种子脂肪酸组成在种间无明显差异,榧属种仁不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量的比例为76.1%~82.0%。将香榧与大豆Glycine max、花生Arachis hypogaea的油样进行比较,其脂肪酸成分如表1所示[6]。香榧种实中的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸的含量与大豆、花生中的同类脂肪酸含量接近;香榧中亚麻酸、花生酸、木焦油酸含量略低于大豆、花生中的同类脂肪酸含量;而香榧中的山嵛酸和金松酸含量远高于大豆和花生中的含量;香榧总脂肪酸含量也略高于大豆和花生。同时,香榧油的折光率和皂化值与大豆油和花生油相近,碘价比花生油高。这说明香榧的脂肪酸营养价值高,是一种优质的植物油资源。
表 1 香榧、大豆、花生中脂肪酸成分和理化性质对比
Table 1. Comparative analysis of fatty acids from T. grandis‘Merrillii’, G. max and A. hypogaea
物种 脂肪酸含量/% 棕榈酸 硬脂酸 油酸 亚油酸 亚麻酸 花生酸 花生一烯酸 金松酸 香榧 7.45~10.24 3.24~3.45 26.00~35.52 39.60~41.90 0.33~0.65 0.18~0.39 0.66~0.94 9.13~12.96 大豆 10.20~12.15 3.24~4.15 17.29~46.84 33.43~57.80 3.86~8.76 0.26~0.38 0.18~0.30 0 花生 5.26~13.76 1.73~6.49 36.97~82.20 25.18~44.60 0.05~0.58 0.90~2.61 0.63~2.45 0 香榧种实的油脂及其组成在不同发育阶段会发生变化。田荆祥等[10]研究发现:香榧种子在不同发育时期含油率有极显著差异,呈先逐渐增加后逐渐下降的趋势;香榧种实中不饱和脂肪酸总量随着种实成熟度提高而逐渐增加。王玫鹃等[11]探究了香榧种仁生长后期油脂、脂肪酸组分及典型脂溶性活性物质的变化趋势,发现香榧种实生长发育后期油脂含量由35.65%增长到54.50%,是油脂积累的关键时期。叶珊等[12]对香榧成熟后期的营养成分、脂肪酸组分变化进行研究,发现香榧裂果较青果含油率高5.6%。
香榧不同种源的油脂含量不同。朱海东等[13]对浙江诸暨、嵊州、磐安和安徽黄山等不同产地的香榧油的理化性质、脂肪酸、生育酚组成、多酚含量进行分析,发现各地区香榧脂肪酸组成几乎相同,但含量略有不同:以安徽黄山香榧油含量最高,为53.16%;浙江嵊州香榧亚油酸含量最高,达47.05%,浙江诸暨香榧油酸含量和单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为37.54%和38.03%。
香榧油脂含量高低与香榧生长环境密切相关。随着海拔高度的升高,香榧油脂含量变化并不显著,但香榧种实中的二十碳二烯酸、二十碳三烯酸、油酸和硬脂酸含量随之升高。香榧林土壤有机质含量、细菌多样性、土壤酶活性与香榧出仁率、种子形状、油脂及蛋白质含量均呈正相关[14−15]。HU等[16]研究发现:光合作用对香榧生物量积累和油脂合成产生重要的作用。ZHANG等[17]研究表明:施加小麦Triticum aestivum秸秆生物质炭在酸性土壤中会提高香榧种实的品质和营养成分。
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目前,香榧种仁油脂的提取方法主要有:水蒸气蒸馏法、有机溶剂提取法和超临界二氧化碳萃取法。水蒸气蒸馏法是指通过外部加热物料和水的混合物,利用精油不溶于水且沸点较低的特点,使水蒸气将精油带出,由冷凝管冷凝后收集[34]。该方法操作简便,但蒸馏过程中水或高温可能会破坏油脂成分。有机溶剂提取法是指通过有机溶剂的多次提取制备油脂,存在溶剂回收困难、有机溶剂残留的问题[35]。近年来一般采用超临界二氧化碳萃取法,通过对脂质的特殊溶解作用进行油脂制备,该方法具有操作简便、无溶剂残留等特点[36]。梁玉清等[37]用超临界二氧化碳萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取香榧外种皮化学成分,发现超临界二氧化碳萃取法提取率为17.5%,产物为黄色膏状物;水蒸气蒸馏法提取率为7.7%,产物呈微黄色透明清澈油状。可见,超临界二氧化碳萃取法得率更高,成分比较全面,更适合萃取香榧外种皮。香榧种仁中油脂的研究内容及提取方法如表2所示。
表 2 香榧种仁中的油脂研究内容及提取方法
Table 2. Recent publications on the extraction and analysis of oils from T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ kernels
研究内容 提取及分析方法 研究结果 文献来源 香榧种仁油脂分析 浸提法;气相色谱分析 香榧种仁含油量为54.39%,存放1 d后含油量略降 余象煜等[38] 国产榧属种仁油含量及脂肪酸测定 索氏抽提;气相色谱分析 种仁油脂含量42.67%~54.39%,脂肪酸组成以亚麻酸和油酸为主 陈振德等[5] 香榧种仁油脂肪酸和不皂化物组成分析 索氏抽提;气相色谱分析 香榧种仁油主要脂肪酸组成及含量,确定金松酸含量,并指出不皂化物组成 牛丽影等[25] 香榧种仁油脂理化性质及脂肪酸组成 浸提法;气相色谱-质谱分析 香榧油含量、酸值碘价等理化性质以及12种脂肪酸组成中主要脂肪酸含量 李红等[4] 香榧种仁油萃取及脂肪酸组成比较分析 超临界CO2流体萃取;气相色谱-质谱分析 萃取最佳工艺为:压力30 MPa、温度50 ℃、时间2 h,萃取率达16.2%;香榧种仁油主要含10 种脂肪酸 阙斐等[39] 香榧种仁超临界萃取物分析 超临界CO2流体萃取;气相色谱-质谱分析 超临界萃取脂肪油含量为16.21%,气相色谱-质谱分析确定脂肪酸主要组成 赵粼等[40]
Research progress on synthesis and regulation mechanism of Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’ kernel oil
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摘要: 香榧Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’是珍贵经济树种之一,具有极高的营养价值和药用价值。香榧种仁含有丰富的油脂、蛋白质、维生素等营养物质。香榧油脂的主要成分是脂肪酸及其衍生物,在降低血脂、抗氧化和预防心脑血管等方面起着重要作用。过去香榧油脂的相关研究集中在油脂组成、提取方法和功能特性等方面,随着林木分子生物学的发展,香榧油脂合成及其调控机制研究越来越多,主要包括香榧油脂合成代谢通路挖掘、油脂累积、特殊脂肪酸合成关键基因鉴定及调控网络构建等方面。本研究结合香榧油脂的相关研究,对香榧种仁的脂肪酸组成、油脂品质和油脂的提取方法、油脂合成调控机制等方面进行了综述,为后期开发利用香榧坚果资源提供方法和思路。图1表2参58Abstract: Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’is one of the precious economic tree species with high nutritional and medicinal value. T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernels are rich in nutrients such as oil, protein, and vitamins. The main components on T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernel oil are fatty acids and their derivatives, which play an important role in reducing blood lipids, antioxidant and preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In the past, studies on T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernel oil mainly focused on the composition, extraction methods and functional characteristics. With the development of forest molecular biology, more and more studies have been conducted on T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernel oil synthesis and regulation mechanism, including the excavation of anabolic pathway for oil synthesis, identification of key genes for oil accumulation and special fatty acid synthesis, and construction of regulatory networks. This study is to review the current research status of T. grandis‘Merrillii’kernel oil, including studies on fatty acid composition, oil quality, oil extraction methods, and oil synthesis regulation mechanism of T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernels, so as to provide ideas and methods for the later development and utilization of T. grandis‘Merrillii’ kernel resources. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 58 ref.]
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Key words:
- Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’ /
- kernel oil /
- synthetic pathway /
- molecular mechanism /
- review
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表 1 香榧、大豆、花生中脂肪酸成分和理化性质对比
Table 1. Comparative analysis of fatty acids from T. grandis‘Merrillii’, G. max and A. hypogaea
物种 脂肪酸含量/% 棕榈酸 硬脂酸 油酸 亚油酸 亚麻酸 花生酸 花生一烯酸 金松酸 香榧 7.45~10.24 3.24~3.45 26.00~35.52 39.60~41.90 0.33~0.65 0.18~0.39 0.66~0.94 9.13~12.96 大豆 10.20~12.15 3.24~4.15 17.29~46.84 33.43~57.80 3.86~8.76 0.26~0.38 0.18~0.30 0 花生 5.26~13.76 1.73~6.49 36.97~82.20 25.18~44.60 0.05~0.58 0.90~2.61 0.63~2.45 0 表 2 香榧种仁中的油脂研究内容及提取方法
Table 2. Recent publications on the extraction and analysis of oils from T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ kernels
研究内容 提取及分析方法 研究结果 文献来源 香榧种仁油脂分析 浸提法;气相色谱分析 香榧种仁含油量为54.39%,存放1 d后含油量略降 余象煜等[38] 国产榧属种仁油含量及脂肪酸测定 索氏抽提;气相色谱分析 种仁油脂含量42.67%~54.39%,脂肪酸组成以亚麻酸和油酸为主 陈振德等[5] 香榧种仁油脂肪酸和不皂化物组成分析 索氏抽提;气相色谱分析 香榧种仁油主要脂肪酸组成及含量,确定金松酸含量,并指出不皂化物组成 牛丽影等[25] 香榧种仁油脂理化性质及脂肪酸组成 浸提法;气相色谱-质谱分析 香榧油含量、酸值碘价等理化性质以及12种脂肪酸组成中主要脂肪酸含量 李红等[4] 香榧种仁油萃取及脂肪酸组成比较分析 超临界CO2流体萃取;气相色谱-质谱分析 萃取最佳工艺为:压力30 MPa、温度50 ℃、时间2 h,萃取率达16.2%;香榧种仁油主要含10 种脂肪酸 阙斐等[39] 香榧种仁超临界萃取物分析 超临界CO2流体萃取;气相色谱-质谱分析 超临界萃取脂肪油含量为16.21%,气相色谱-质谱分析确定脂肪酸主要组成 赵粼等[40] -
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