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生态化学计量学主要关注生物地球化学循环过程中营养元素间的相互作用与平衡[1],从植物生态学、土壤学等多学科角度探究植物器官、物种、群落和生态系统的元素计量关系和规律,广泛用于判断植物体和群落的养分限制状况[2]、指导生态系统养分管理[3]、预测全球养分变化背景下的植被动态研究[4]。植物-凋落物-土壤是陆地生态系统重要的养分储存库,三者之间彼此影响和制约。植物养分输移活动通过叶片从大气中固定碳(C),依靠枝在植物各器官间进行养分运转,借助根系吸收和存储土壤中的养分,最后以凋落物淋溶、光降解、微生物分解和根系分泌等方式将C、氮(N)、磷(P)等元素归还土壤[5],因此,以上循环形成了植物-凋落物-土壤的C、N、P生态系统组分连续体,其关联性有助于深入认识植被各组分对营养元素的利用与分配规律。目前,研究多集中在区域土壤与植物单一器官(叶片)的生态化学计量比研究,如梁楚欣等[6]探究了滇东石漠化区不同植被恢复模式下土壤C、N、P质量分数及化学计量比的差异,王浩伊等[7]研究了大兴安岭不同生活型针叶林生态化学计量与生长阶段的关系,而对于植物多器官(叶、枝、根)-凋落物-土壤为整体的相关研究较少。因此,阐明植物-凋落物-土壤生态系统养分循环及调控机制,可揭示生态系统植物-凋落物-土壤之间的物质循环特征。黄土高原生态环境敏感,独特的地貌导致水土流失严重[8]。植被恢复能有效防治水土流失,随着人工恢复为主的“退耕还林还草”工程的实施[9],黄土高原植被覆盖率、土壤质量明显提升,形成了自然恢复和人工恢复为主的植被类型[10]。以往对黄土高原植被恢复的生态化学计量研究,集中在单一树种不同器官[11]、不同密度人工林土壤[12]等方面,关于不同植被恢复类型下植物各器官生态化学计量特征、凋落物与土壤生态化学计量特征关系的研究仍较少。鉴于此,为系统了解植被恢复过程中植物与土壤的生态过程,本研究以黄土丘陵区人工恢复植被油松Pinus tabuliformis林、刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia林、侧柏Platycladus orientalis林为研究对象,以自然恢复植被辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis天然次生林为对照,系统研究乔木叶、枝、根,凋落物和土壤生态化学计量特征,揭示黄土高原生态系统的生态过程、养分循环和限制因素,为黄土高原人工林植被恢复工作和森林经营改造提供科技支撑。
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研究区位于山西省临汾市吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站所在地的蔡家川流域(35°53′~36°21′N,110°27′~110°07′E),该区地处黄土高原东南部半湿润地区,属于典型的黄土残塬沟壑区,季风气候显著,年平均气温为10 ℃,年平均降水量为579 mm,年平均蒸发量达1 729 mm,降水集中在6—9月,海拔为400~1 820 m。本研究选取蔡家川流域具有典型代表性的人工油松林、刺槐林、侧柏林、辽东栎天然次生林,林下植物主要为丁香Syringa oblata、黄刺玫Rosa xanthina、绣线菊Spiraea salicifolia、青蒿Artemisia caruifolia、连翘Forsythia suspensa、梾木Cornus macrophylla、糙苏Phlomoides umbrosa、紫菀Aster tataricus等。自1991年起,在蔡家川流域内进行退耕还林的全面植被恢复工作,流域内梁峁坡沟综合规划设计,营造人工林,保护天然林,栽植了油松、刺槐及侧柏等适应性强、耐干旱瘠薄的树种,该人工林为生态公益林,没有进行间伐、施肥等人工经营措施,天然林采取自然恢复的方式。研究区样地基本特征见表1。
表 1 研究区样地基本特征
Table 1. Basic information about the sampling site in the study area
林分 海拔/m 坡度/(°) 坡向 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 凋落物厚度/cm 郁闭度/% 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 油松林 1 147 20 北 10.5 14.0 2.4 50 1 680 刺槐林 1 123 7 东 10.5 12.9 2.9 71 1 310 侧柏林 1 186 14 西北 7.5 8.4 1.0 49 1 200 辽东栎林 1 141 25 东南 9.3 11.2 3.1 67 1 150 -
于2022年7—8月进行外业调查。在每个长势良好的人工油松林、刺槐林、侧柏林和天然次生林辽东栎林等典型样地,分设3个乔木样方(20 m×20 m),在样方内进行每木检尺,调查郁闭度、树高和胸径等指标。样方内挑选3株长势均匀的标准木,在树冠处同一层东、西、南、北4个方位采集健康成熟的叶片与细枝(直径<2 cm),在标准木的冠幅范围内随机钻取3个0~60 cm的土芯,用冲洗法获取根样品(直径<2 mm),分别混匀后装入塑封袋;在样方内按对角线法选取3个1 m×1 m的具有代表性的凋落物样方,采集枯枝落叶(未分解、半分解和已分解),混匀后装入塑封袋;五点取样法采集0~20 cm土层土壤样品,混匀后装入塑封袋。以上采集的样品带回实验室后,叶、枝、根在100 ℃杀青15 min,随后降温至65 ℃恒温,将叶、枝、根与凋落物烘干至恒量,粉碎,过0.15 mm筛。土壤样品自然风干后,研磨过0.25 mm筛。采用元素分析仪测定全碳、全氮,采用硫酸-高氯酸消煮-钼锑抗比色法测定全磷。
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采用SPSS 25.0对数据进行K-S检验,验证数据正态性;采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较不同林分类型及不同组分生态化学计量差异;经方差齐性检验,使用最小显著性差异法(LSD)进行显著性检验(α=0.05);采用R 4.3.1对其进行相关性分析;绘图均在Origin 2021和R 4.3.1中进行。
Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of typical forest stands in the Loess Hilly Region of southwest Shanxi
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摘要:
目的 研究黄土丘陵区典型林分植物-凋落物-土壤的生态化学计量特征,可揭示该地区生态系统植被生长发育的主要限制性营养元素。 方法 选取黄土丘陵区典型人工油松Pinus tabuliformis林、刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia林、侧柏Platycladus orientalis林为研究对象,天然次生辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis林为对照,分析不同林分植物叶、枝、根,凋落物和土壤的生态化学计量特征及其相关性。 结果 ①典型林分的乔木各器官碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)质量分数从大到小依次表现为叶、枝、根,与C相比,各器官间N、P质量分数变化幅度较大;油松各器官C质量分数显著高于其他林分(P<0.05);刺槐叶、根、凋落物和土壤N质量分数显著高于其他林分(P<0.05),刺槐具有较好的固氮作用。②刺槐叶C/N和C/P显著低于其他林分(P<0.05),叶N/P为14~16,其他林分叶N/P均低于14;凋落物N/P低于25,分解受N元素限制;③典型林分的植物各器官C、N与凋落物C、N显著正相关(P<0.05),而P与凋落物和土壤P无显著相关性;土壤C与凋落物C呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而与凋落物N呈显著正相关(P<0.05);凋落物C/N、C/P与土壤C/N、C/P、N/P分别呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。 结论 黄土丘陵区典型林分植物生长发育和凋落物的分解主要受N元素限制。刺槐具有良好的固氮作用且生长速率较快,在该地区人工林植被恢复中可着重选择和保护。图3表1参30 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of plant-litter-soil in typical forest stands in the Loess Hilly Region of China, is aimed to reveal the main limiting nutrient elements for the growth and development of vegetation in the ecosystem in this region. Method With a natural secondary forest of Quercus liaotungensis as the control, a systematic analysis was conducted of the ecological stoichiometric characteristics and their correlation between tree leaves, branches, roots, litter and soil in the forest of Pinus tabuliformis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis in Loess Hilly Region. Result (1) The overall contents of C, N and P in different organs in typical stands were leaves>branches>roots, and compared with C content, the content of N and P varied greatly between different organs with the C content of P. tabuliformis organs being substantially higher than other forest stands (P<0.05) and the N contents of leaves, roots, litter and soil of R. pseudoacacia being significantly higher than other forest stands (P<0.05). (2) R. pseudoacacia leaf C/N and C/P were significantly lower than other forest stands (P<0.05), with N/P being between 14 and 16, while leaf N/P of all other stands was lower than 14 and litter N/P was lower than 25. (3) C and N contents of all plant organs in typical stands were prominently positively correlated with litter C and N content (P<0.05), while plant P was significantly negatively correlated with litter and soil P content; soil C content was significantly negatively correlated with litter C content (P<0.05) but positively correlated with litter N content (P<0.05) and there was a significant negative correlation between litter C/N, C/P and soil C/N, C/P and N/P respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Plant growth and development and litter decomposition in typical stands in the loess hills were mainly limited by N. And R. pseudoacacia forests should be selected and protected in the vegetation restoration in the Loess Hilly Region as its growth rate is the highest and the litter is easier to decompose. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 30 ref.] -
Key words:
- ecological stoichiometry /
- plantation /
- nutrient cycling /
- nutrient limitation
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表 1 研究区样地基本特征
Table 1. Basic information about the sampling site in the study area
林分 海拔/m 坡度/(°) 坡向 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 凋落物厚度/cm 郁闭度/% 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 油松林 1 147 20 北 10.5 14.0 2.4 50 1 680 刺槐林 1 123 7 东 10.5 12.9 2.9 71 1 310 侧柏林 1 186 14 西北 7.5 8.4 1.0 49 1 200 辽东栎林 1 141 25 东南 9.3 11.2 3.1 67 1 150 -
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