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土壤速效养分是指土壤所提供的植物生活所必需的易被作物吸收利用的营养元素,是评价土壤自然肥力的主要因素之一[1]。土壤酶是土壤一切生物化学过程的积极参与者[2],它不仅可以表征土壤物质能量代谢程度,而且可以作为评价土壤肥力高低和生态环境质量优劣的一个重要生物指标[3]。土壤养分与土壤酶联系非常紧密[3]。林分类型[4]、土壤类型 [5-7]、海拔高度[8]、林下植被[9]等立地条件影响土壤养分含量与土壤酶活性以及两者之间的关系,其中,季节变化也是一个非常重要的因素,并对其有明显的影响 [10-11]。华北落叶松 Larix principis-rupprechtii属松科Pinaceae落叶松属Larix,是中国暖温带亚高山地区的代表性森林类型,主要分布于河流的发源地,在水源涵养和水土保持方面具有重要作用[12]。秦岭地区华北落叶松人工林有7 900 hm2,占陕西华北落叶松人工林总面积的90%[13],但是由于多代连栽、炼山、造林整地、不合理的采伐利用方式等原因而导致人工林地力出现了衰退的现象[14]。目前,对秦岭地区华北落叶松人工林土壤养分含量与土壤酶活性以及两者之间相关性等地力质量评价的研究较多[15-16],但是对它们随不同物候期变化规律的研究近乎空白。本研究以秦岭地区华北落叶松人工林地土壤为研究对象,选取立地条件相似的5,10和20年生的华北落叶松人工林样地,拟通过对各个年龄华北落叶松人工林地中与土壤碳、氮和磷循环相关的3种土壤酶活性和与土壤氧化循环密切相关的过氧化氢酶、土壤速效养分质量分数的测定,揭示各变量之间随不同物候期的变化规律,旨在发现秦岭地区华北落叶松人工林地土壤肥力最低的时期,并为人工林的合理施肥提供基础理论指导。
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5,10年生(幼龄林)和20年生(中龄林)华北落叶松人工林试验样地设置在陕西省宝鸡市太白县太白林业局南滩实验苗圃林场,地处太白县城东南4 km的秦岭西主峰鳌山脚下,34°02′18″N,107°20′51″E,属秦岭谷地小气候带。该处年均降水量为600.0~1 000.0 mm,年平均气温7.6 ℃,年均无霜期158.0 d,最高气温32.8 ℃,最低气温-25. 5 ℃,林木生长期为166.0 d。表 1为研究区样地基本概况。
表 1 样地林分基本特征
Table 1. Basic characteristics of experimental plots
林龄/a 林分类型 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 坡向 坡位 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 土壤类型 5 幼龄林 4.8 14.46 东北 坡中 20R25 1 680〜1 700 棕壤 10 幼龄林 8.6 22?32 东北 坡中 20R25 1 650〜1 690 棕壤 20 中龄林 10?2 10?23 西北 坡下 10R15 1 620R1 700 棕壤 -
于2012年4月中旬布设样地,分别在5,10和20年生华北落叶松人工林样地各选取20 m × 20 m大小的3块标准样地。在林木整个生长季节,从2012年5月到10月于每月中旬采集土壤样品。用土钻法在每个标准样地沿“S”型采集5个点的0~20 cm土壤样品,然后用四分法取土装入塑封袋。为了保证采集土壤样品的均一性,每次在每个样地取样时尽量选择相同的地点。将土壤样品带回实验室风干后分别过0.25 mm和1.00 mm的筛,并装入塑封袋中,用于不同土壤指标的测定。
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采用1.0 mol·L-1 氯化钾浸提,用AA3型连续流动分析仪测定土壤速效氮(德国Bran + Luebbe公司);采用0.5 mol·L-1 碳酸氢钠浸提,钼锑抗比色法测定土壤速效磷;采用1 mol·L-1醋酸铵浸提,火焰光度法测定土壤速效钾[17];采用DELTA-320型pH仪测定土壤pH值。土壤脲酶测定采用靛酚比色法,其活性以24 h后1.0 g土壤铵态氮(NH3-N)毫克数表示(mg·g-1);土壤蔗糖酶测定采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法,其活性以24 h后1.0 g土壤葡萄糖毫克数表示(mg·g-1);土壤磷酸酶测定采用磷酸苯二钠比色法,其活性以2 h后1.0 g土壤五氧化二磷毫克数表示(mg·g-1);土壤过氧化氢酶测定采用高锰酸钾法,其活性以1.0 g土消耗0.02 mol·L-1高锰酸钾的毫升数表示(mL·g-1)[18]。
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采用Excel 2007软件绘图。显著性检验由单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和多重比较(Duncan)分析完成,检验显著性水平设定为α=0.05。土壤养分与土壤酶的相关关系采用Pearson法进行分析。所有数据统计分析均在SPSS 20.0中进行。
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图 1表明:3种林龄人工林土壤速效养分(速效氮、速效磷、速效钾)质量分数在整个生长季节内变化规律趋于一致,其中,土壤速效氮与速效磷质量分数从萌芽展叶期(5-6月)到生长旺盛期(7-8月)逐渐下降并降至整个生长季节最低,而到落叶期(9-10月)逐渐上升,随物候期呈先降低后升高趋势;土壤速效钾质量分数与土壤pH值从萌芽展叶期(5-6月)到生长旺盛期(7-8月)逐渐上升并升至整个生长季节最高,而到落叶期(9-10月)逐渐下降,随物候期呈先增高后降低趋势。
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图 2表明:3种林龄人工林在整个生长季节内土壤酶(脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)活性变化规律基本相同,其中,土壤脲酶活性从萌芽展叶期(5-6月)到落叶期(9-10月)一直缓慢上升,随物候期呈逐渐升高趋势;在整个生长季节内土壤转化酶与土壤脲酶活性变化规律相似,区别在于土壤转化酶活性在落叶末期(10月)急剧上升,且10月极显著高于其他月份(P<0.01);土壤磷酸酶活性从萌芽展叶初期(5-6月)到末期逐渐下降,由萌芽展叶末期到生长旺盛初期(6-7月)渐渐回升,而从生长旺盛初期到落叶期(7-10月)又缓慢下降,总体上随物候期呈先降低后升高再降低趋势。土壤过氧化氢酶活性从萌芽展叶期(5-6月)到生长旺盛初期(7月)逐渐下降并降至整个生长季节最低,而从生长旺盛期(7-8月)到落叶期(9-10月)逐渐上升,随物候期呈先降低后升高趋势。
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由表 2可知:20年生林地土壤速效氮显著高于5和10年生林地土壤(P<0.05),5和10年生林地土壤速效磷和速效钾质量分数以及土壤脲酶活性和转化酶活性均显著高于20年生林地土壤(P<0.05)。20年生林地土壤磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性高于5和10年生林地土壤,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。5和10年生林地土壤pH值稍高于20年生,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表 2 不同林龄华北落叶松人工林地土壤养分和土壤酶平均值差异比较(平均值±标准差)
Table 2. Comparison of the average soil nutrient contents and soil enzymes activities with different stand ages (x±s)
林龄/a 速效氮/(mg.kg-1) 速效磷/(mg.kg-1) 速效钾/(mg.kg-1) pH值(H20) 脲酶/(mg.g-1) 转化酶/(mg.g-1) 磷酸酶/(mg.g-1) 过氧化氢酶/(mg.g-1) 5 35.96 ± 4.83 b 2.96 ± 0.49 b 124.11 ± 21.64 a 6.28 ± 0.22 a 0.46 ± 0.10 a 66.06 ± 28.74 a 0.21 ± 0.07 a 2.70 ± 1.01 a 10 26.03 ± 4.12 c 3.77 ± 0.63 a 139.51 ± 26.24 a 6.43 ± 0.19 a 0.38 ± 0.08 a 69.38 ± 36.85 a 0.21 ± 0.09 a 2.53 ± 0.86 a 20 54.34 ± 5.33 a 2.14 ± 0.36 c 92.85 ± 22.67 b 6.24 ± 0.10 a 0.26 ± 0.07 b 29.84 ± 14.06 b 0.28 ± 0.07 a 3.43 ± 0.39 a -
表 3表明:土壤速效氮与土壤过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);土壤速效磷与土壤转化酶呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);土壤速效钾与土壤脲酶呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤转化酶呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);土壤pH值与土壤过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。
表 3 土壤养分与土壤酶的相关系数
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between soil nutrients and soil enzymes
酶 速效氮 速效磷 速效钾 pH值 脲酶 -0.441 0.412 0.629** 0.141 转化酶 -0.379 0.594** 0.512* 0.071 磷酸酶 0.315 -0.277 -0.388 0.023 过氧化氢酶 0.604** 0.054 -0.622** -0.552* 说明:*表示相关性达5%显著水平,**表示相关性达1%显著水平。
Seasonal dynamics of soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations
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摘要: 以秦岭地区幼中龄林(5,10,20年生)华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii人工林地土壤为研究对象,在林木生长季节(5-10月)每月中旬采集表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,通过测定不同物候期的土壤速效养分质量分数与土壤酶活性,研究分析两者的物候季节动态特征及相互关系,旨在发现华北落叶松人工林地土壤肥力最低的时期并为人工林的合理施肥提供基础理论指导。结果表明:3种林龄人工林(5,10,20年生)土壤速效养分(速效氮、速效磷)质量分数在整个生长季节内变化规律趋于一致,在林木生长旺盛期土壤速效氮和速效磷质量分数最低,土壤速效氮质量分数最低值分别为29.49,19.96和47.32 mg·kg-1;土壤速效磷质量分数最低值分别为2.31,2.79和1.60 mg·kg-1。3种龄林人工林(5,10,20年生)土壤酶(脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)活性在整个生长季节内变化规律基本相同,由萌芽展叶初期到落叶末期土壤脲酶活性和转化酶活性呈逐渐上升趋势,土壤脲酶活性最低值分别为0.33,0.25和0.15 mg·g-1;土壤转化酶活性最低值分别为40.82,41.91和22.25 mg·g-1。从生长旺盛初期到落叶期土壤磷酸酶活性呈缓慢下降趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性最低值分别为0.16,0.13和0.22 mg·g-1;在生长旺盛初期土壤过氧化氢酶活性最低,土壤过氧化氢酶活性最低值分别为1.39,1.44和2.68 mL·g-1。与幼龄林(5年生,10年生)相比,中龄林(20年生)土壤速效磷质量分数显著下降(P<0.05)。土壤速效养分与土壤酶相关性密切,说明土壤酶可以较好地反映土壤肥力状况。因此,土壤肥力由萌芽展叶期到生长旺盛期出现下降而到落叶期有上升趋势,且由幼龄林到中龄林土壤肥力有下降趋势,应在生长旺盛期对中龄林林地进行适当施肥。图2表3参38Abstract: This research was conducted to determine the stage when soil fertility was poorest within plantation growing seasons and to provide guidelines for rational application of fertilizer in an artificial forest. The mass fraction of soil available nutrients and soil enzyme activities characteristic of phenological and seasonal dynamics and their relationships in young-(5 a and 10 a) and middle-aged (20 a) stands of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations of the Qinling Mountains were measured throughout the growing season. A fixed 20 m×20 m standard plot was randomly selected with three replications in each plantation stand. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the middle of May to October in 2012 and analyzed with a least significant difference (Duncan) test at 0.05 level and Pearson correlation analysis at 0.05 level. Results indicated that soil available nutrients (soil available N and soil available P) and soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, phosphatase, and catalase) for three stand ages manifested the same rules throughout the growing season, and there was significant difference in the same indicator for each plantation stand among various stages (P<0.05). The mass fraction of soil available N and available P were lowest in the vigorous growth period with the lowest mass fraction of soil available N being 29.49 (5 a), 19.96 (10 a), and 47.32 (20 a) mg·kg-1 and the lowest mass fraction of soil available P being 2.31 (5 a), 2.79 (10 a), and 1.60 (20 a) mg·kg-1(P<0.05). Also, significant correlations was observed between soil available nutrient content and soil enzyme activity(P<0.05). Thus, soil enzymes could be used as positive biological indicators for weighing soil fertility.[Ch,2 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
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表 1 样地林分基本特征
Table 1. Basic characteristics of experimental plots
林龄/a 林分类型 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 坡向 坡位 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 土壤类型 5 幼龄林 4.8 14.46 东北 坡中 20R25 1 680〜1 700 棕壤 10 幼龄林 8.6 22?32 东北 坡中 20R25 1 650〜1 690 棕壤 20 中龄林 10?2 10?23 西北 坡下 10R15 1 620R1 700 棕壤 表 2 不同林龄华北落叶松人工林地土壤养分和土壤酶平均值差异比较(平均值±标准差)
Table 2. Comparison of the average soil nutrient contents and soil enzymes activities with different stand ages (x±s)
林龄/a 速效氮/(mg.kg-1) 速效磷/(mg.kg-1) 速效钾/(mg.kg-1) pH值(H20) 脲酶/(mg.g-1) 转化酶/(mg.g-1) 磷酸酶/(mg.g-1) 过氧化氢酶/(mg.g-1) 5 35.96 ± 4.83 b 2.96 ± 0.49 b 124.11 ± 21.64 a 6.28 ± 0.22 a 0.46 ± 0.10 a 66.06 ± 28.74 a 0.21 ± 0.07 a 2.70 ± 1.01 a 10 26.03 ± 4.12 c 3.77 ± 0.63 a 139.51 ± 26.24 a 6.43 ± 0.19 a 0.38 ± 0.08 a 69.38 ± 36.85 a 0.21 ± 0.09 a 2.53 ± 0.86 a 20 54.34 ± 5.33 a 2.14 ± 0.36 c 92.85 ± 22.67 b 6.24 ± 0.10 a 0.26 ± 0.07 b 29.84 ± 14.06 b 0.28 ± 0.07 a 3.43 ± 0.39 a 表 3 土壤养分与土壤酶的相关系数
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between soil nutrients and soil enzymes
酶 速效氮 速效磷 速效钾 pH值 脲酶 -0.441 0.412 0.629** 0.141 转化酶 -0.379 0.594** 0.512* 0.071 磷酸酶 0.315 -0.277 -0.388 0.023 过氧化氢酶 0.604** 0.054 -0.622** -0.552* 说明:*表示相关性达5%显著水平,**表示相关性达1%显著水平。 -
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