Volume 39 Issue 2
Mar.  2022
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PENG Jianjian, WANG Zeng, ZHANG Yong, LIU Haiying, GU Guangtong, PENG Xinyi, WU Jiasen, YE Zihao, ZHANG Shen, SHANG Shiyu. Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272
Citation: PENG Jianjian, WANG Zeng, ZHANG Yong, LIU Haiying, GU Guangtong, PENG Xinyi, WU Jiasen, YE Zihao, ZHANG Shen, SHANG Shiyu. Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272

Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272
  • Received Date: 2021-04-01
  • Accepted Date: 2021-11-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-10-22
  • Available Online: 2022-03-25
  • Publish Date: 2022-03-25
  •   Objective  The purpose is to construct an individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra, so as to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management and accurate biomass estimation of M. rubra plantation.   Method  Based on the data of 48 M. rubra samples and the independent individual tree biomass model established with ground diameter, tree height and crown breadth as independent variables, the compatible individual tree biomass model of M. rubra plantation in Xianju County of Zhejiang Province was studied by using the nonlinear error variable model.   Result  The power function model with ground diameter (x1) as independent variable had the maximal R2, and the models of leaf biomass (y1), branch biomass (y2), root biomass (y3) and total biomass (y0) were y1=0.004x12.795, y2=0.003x13.048, y3=0.002x13.141 and y0=0.010x12.995 respectively. The model with ground diameter as independent variable had the maximal R2 and accuracy, and the relevant parameters of c0, b0, r1, r2, r3 and r4 were 0.084 0, 2.162 7, 0.780 0, 0.779 9, 0.224 3 and 0.204 5 respectively. The distribution law of leaf, branch and root biomass was basically similar with the increase of ground diameter, tree height and crown width. The proportion of branch and root biomass in the total biomass was increasing, while the leaf biomass was gradually decreasing. With the increase of stand ages, the biomass of each component evolved rapidly to branches, roots, and leaves in descending order.   Conclusion  When using the individual tree biomass model of M. rubra with unitary compatibility for estimation, the power function model with ground diameter as independent variable has the largest determination coefficient and estimation accuracy. Ground diameter is the most suitable variable for estimating M. rubra biomass. [Ch, 1 fig. 4 tab. ref. 31]
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    [14] WANG Bai-po, CHENG Xiao-jian, FU Qing-gong, YU Wei-wu, WANG Hui.  Evaluation of pollution-free Myrica rubra production in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2007, 24(5): 550-554.
    [15] HE Xin-hua, CHEN Li-geng, GUO Chang-lu.  Genetic transformation of Myrica rubra mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2007, 24(4): 433-436.
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    [17] LI Xiu-ting, QIU Cheng-ming, WANGBai-po, ZHANGXin-hua, SHEN Ai-qiao.  Sunlight sheds effect on earlier maturity of Myrica rubra . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2004, 21(2): 154-158.
    [18] WANG Bai-po, WANG Li-zhong, QIU Cheng-ming.  Construction of resource pool for superior plants of Myric rubra and their preliminary expression . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2002, 19(4): 433-436.
    [19] WANG Bai-po, ZHENG Yong-ping, LI Zhang-ju, YU Wei-wu.  Utilization of Myrica rubra resources in Zhejiang and their ecological effect . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2001, 18(2): 155-160.
    [20] Wang Baipo, Dai Wensheng, Cheng Xiaojian, Wang Lizhong, Yan Rongbao, Bao Lihong, Yuan Ronggen.  Performance of improved Myrica rubra varieties and cultural techniques on hillock krasnozem . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1998, 15(3): 244-249.
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Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272

Abstract:   Objective  The purpose is to construct an individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra, so as to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management and accurate biomass estimation of M. rubra plantation.   Method  Based on the data of 48 M. rubra samples and the independent individual tree biomass model established with ground diameter, tree height and crown breadth as independent variables, the compatible individual tree biomass model of M. rubra plantation in Xianju County of Zhejiang Province was studied by using the nonlinear error variable model.   Result  The power function model with ground diameter (x1) as independent variable had the maximal R2, and the models of leaf biomass (y1), branch biomass (y2), root biomass (y3) and total biomass (y0) were y1=0.004x12.795, y2=0.003x13.048, y3=0.002x13.141 and y0=0.010x12.995 respectively. The model with ground diameter as independent variable had the maximal R2 and accuracy, and the relevant parameters of c0, b0, r1, r2, r3 and r4 were 0.084 0, 2.162 7, 0.780 0, 0.779 9, 0.224 3 and 0.204 5 respectively. The distribution law of leaf, branch and root biomass was basically similar with the increase of ground diameter, tree height and crown width. The proportion of branch and root biomass in the total biomass was increasing, while the leaf biomass was gradually decreasing. With the increase of stand ages, the biomass of each component evolved rapidly to branches, roots, and leaves in descending order.   Conclusion  When using the individual tree biomass model of M. rubra with unitary compatibility for estimation, the power function model with ground diameter as independent variable has the largest determination coefficient and estimation accuracy. Ground diameter is the most suitable variable for estimating M. rubra biomass. [Ch, 1 fig. 4 tab. ref. 31]

PENG Jianjian, WANG Zeng, ZHANG Yong, LIU Haiying, GU Guangtong, PENG Xinyi, WU Jiasen, YE Zihao, ZHANG Shen, SHANG Shiyu. Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272
Citation: PENG Jianjian, WANG Zeng, ZHANG Yong, LIU Haiying, GU Guangtong, PENG Xinyi, WU Jiasen, YE Zihao, ZHANG Shen, SHANG Shiyu. Construction of compatible individual tree biomass model of Myrica rubra plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210272
  • 森林碳汇量与森林生物量有着密切关系。生物量是森林生态系统最基本的数量特征,是研究森林及其生态问题的基础,直接关系到森林生态系统的碳储量和碳汇功能[1-2]。因研究方法不同及生态系统空间、时间变化的复杂性,生物量估测还存在一定的不确定性,但可以依靠增加建模的样本来降低模型中参数的不确定性[3]。目前,生物量估测方法主要有直接测量法和间接估算法2类。直接测量法估算精度高,但消耗大量人力、物力和时间,对森林也会造成一定的破坏;间接估算法的核心就是生物量建模,是当前最常用的方法[4]。传统生物量模型往往是对树木的枝、干、茎、叶等各分量生物量进行单独估测,容易造成各分量生物量之和不等于总生物量,即出现模型不相容问题[5-6]。为解决这一问题,研究人员多采用非线性回归与极大似然法[7]、比例平差法[8]和线性或非线性联合估计方法[9]等。符利勇等[10]通过对上述3种方法进行综合比较,发现非线性联立方程组法的预测精度与效果最佳,该方法已在青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、日本落叶松Larix kaempferi等用材林中进行了应用[11-13]

    杨梅Myrica rubra原产浙江省余姚市,现已成为浙江省最具特色优势、种植经济效益高的优质农产品。2019年全省杨梅种植面积达8.88万 hm2,产量为61.84万 t,面积和产量位居全国首位。当前对于杨梅生态学的研究往往偏重于土壤性质、矿质养分、果实品质等方面[14-17],而对杨梅生物量估测方法的研究未见报道。本研究以浙江省杨梅人工林为研究对象,采用非线性联立方程组法,构建一元相容性单株生物量模型,以期为杨梅人工林可持续经营及生物量精确估测提供理论依据。同时,通过生物量估算可以计算森林的碳汇量[18],帮助农户实现对杨梅林碳汇总量的精准估测,以获取更精确的碳汇收入。

    • 研究区位于浙江省仙居县福应街道。仙居是浙江省台州市第一杨梅主产区,是“中国杨梅之乡”。研究区的杨梅人工林具有广泛的代表性,地理位置为28°25′~28°52′N, 120°23′~120°42′E,海拔为140~230 m,属中亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为18.3 ℃,最热的7月平均气温为28.5 ℃,最冷的1月平均气温为5.6 ℃,无霜期为240 d左右,历年平均降水量为2 000 mm,年日照时数为1 786.2 h。母岩为花岗岩,土壤为红壤。

    • 2017年8月,选择不同龄级(幼苗期、产前期、初产期、盛产期)的杨梅林(中心位置28°46′09″N, 120°31′18″E),分别建立20 m×10 m的标准地各4个,共16个。杨梅林均由马尾松Pinus massoniana林改造而来。土壤成土母岩为花岗岩,海拔140~230 m,西北坡。

      对标准地内杨梅林的地径、树高、冠幅进行全面调查,计算平均地径、树高、冠幅(表1),并在每个标准地内选取标准木(地径和株高均约为平均值)各3株,共48株。采用全收获法,野外分离叶片、枝干和根系,并分别实测鲜质量。同时均匀选取不同器官样品500~1 000 g(准确称量)于样品袋中,带回实验室。样品带回室内在105 ℃烘箱内烘干至恒量,计算各组分生物量和总生物量。48株杨梅生物量数据分成2组,32株用于生物量建模,剩余16株用于模型检验。

      龄级平均地径/
      cm
      平均树高/
      m
      平均冠幅/
      m2
      平均密度/
      (株·hm−2)
      幼苗期2.0±0.20.6±0.10.1±0.0600±30
      产前期7.3±0.82.0±0.33.2±0.6525±30
      初产期10.3±1.22.7±0.312.2±2.2375±15
      盛果期13.9±1.53.5±0.420.6±3.2375±15
        说明:数值为平均值±标准差

      Table 1.  Basic conditions of M. rubra plantations at different stand ages

    • 使用建模的32株杨梅的地径、树高、冠幅与各组分生物量及总生物量(不含果实)进行相关分析(表2),结果均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),因此采用3个因子作为自变量构建杨梅各组分生物量及总生物量模型。

      因子叶生物量枝干生物量根系生物量总生物量
      地径0.927**0.926**0.929**0.933**
      树高0.743**0.735**0.720**0.736**
      冠幅0.899**0.913**0.911**0.914**
        说明:**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关

      Table 2.  Correlation of independent variables and all biomasses

    • 采用常见的线性方程y=a+bx、对数函数y=a+blnx、指数函数y=abx、幂函数y=axb、二次多项式函数y=a+bx+cx2等方程构建杨梅树独立单株生物量模型。用决定系数(R2)来评价模型优劣。R2越接近1表示回归效果越好。选出拟合度最好、相关最密切的数学模型。

    • 一元、二元相容性生物量模型都能较好地解决总生物量与各组分生物量的相容性问题,但从模型构造和应用性考虑,一元相容性生物量模型在大尺度范围估测森林生物量的效果要优于二元相容性生物量,且模型数据较易获取,准确性较高,模型形式也较简单[19-20]。因此,本研究参照唐守正等[21]提出的非线性误差变量模型法,建立总生物量与各组分生物量非线性联立一元方程组模型。

      其中:y0为总生物量,y1为叶生物量,y2为枝干生物量(枝条和树干生物量之和),y3为根系生物量,y0= y1+y2+y3x为建立单株生物量模型时选取的变量,a1a2a3b0b1b2b3c0为模型参数。使用未建模的16株杨梅数据,计算总相对误差(SR)、平均相对误差(EE)和预估精度(P0)。

      $ {\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}:y}_{i} $$ \widehat{{y}_{i}} $分别为第i株杨梅样木的生物量实测值和估计值,${\bar{y}_{i}} $为全部杨梅样木实测值的平均值,N为杨梅样木的总数,T为模型参数个数,tα为自由度 (NT) 置信水平 α=0.05。对建立的杨梅生物量方程进行预测精度验证和效果检验。非线性误差变量模型法估计要求模型参数不能有冗余,因此,上述模型经简化改写,得到如下相容性生物量模型。

      其中:r1r2r3r4为模型参数。

    • 分别以地径、树高和冠幅为自变量,用指数函数、线性函数、对数函数、多项式函数和幂函数拟合杨梅叶生物量、枝干生物量、根系生物量及总生物量模型(表3)。可见,采用幂函数拟合的决定系数均最大。叶生物量(y1)与地径(x1)、树高(x2)和冠幅(x3)的幂函数模型分别为y1=0.004x12.795 y1=0.150x23.142 y1=0.239x31.041,决定系数分别为0.951、0.841和0.864;枝干生物量(y1)与地径、树高和冠幅的幂函数模型分别为y2=0.003x13.048y2=0.150x23.444y2=0.249x31.143,决定系数分别为0.942、0.859和0.885;根系生物量(y3)与地径、树高和冠幅的幂函数模型分别为y3=0.002x13.141y3=0.128x23.470y3=0.206x31.169,决定系数分别为0.964、0.832、0.884;总生物量(y0)与地径、树高和冠幅的幂函数模型分别为y0=0.010x12.995y0=0.433x23.351y0=1.137x31.000, 决定系数分别为0.959、0.849、0.822。可见,与树高、冠幅相比,以地径为自变量拟合的幂函数模型决定系数均最大,为最优模型。

      模型叶生物量枝干生物量根系生物量总生物量
      地径树高冠幅地径树高冠幅地径树高冠幅地径树高冠幅
      指数函数 0.4420.3160.5390.4690.3640.5810.4380.3240.5620.7050.5780.723
      线性函数 0.6900.4070.7860.6930.4100.8220.6740.3850.8100.6970.4090.802
      对数函数 0.6570.3800.5030.6650.3850.5210.6480.3620.4940.6680.3840.517
      多项式函数0.8940.6280.7910.8890.8180.8700.9350.6240.8200.9330.6390.781
      幂函数  0.9510.8410.8640.9420.8590.8850.9640.8320.8840.9590.8490.822

      Table 3.  R2 values of all biomass models

    • 在ForStat 2.1 软件支持下,建立杨梅非线性误差变量一元联立方程组,求解模型各参数值,得到杨梅相容性各单株生物量模型。用决定系数、总相对误差、平均相对误差、预估精度对模型进行综合评价与检验(表4)。以地径为自变量的相容性单株生物量模型:

      自变量生物量c0b0r1r2r3r4决定系数总相对误差 /%平均相对误差/%预估精度/%
      地径y10.084 02.162 70.780 00.779 90.224 30.204 50.881 83.097 82.577 891.63
      y20.084 02.162 70.780 00.779 90.224 30.204 50.883 41.337 10.748 191.63
      y30.084 02.162 70.780 00.779 90.224 30.204 50.912 41.351 54.185 992.03
      y00.084 02.162 70.904 21.090 22.417 692.22
      树高y10.645 43.155 81.095 31.095 20.219 60.162 00.631 84.584 61.477 984.88
      y20.645 43.155 81.095 31.095 20.219 60.162 00.636 84.584 61.411 985.50
      y30.645 43.155 81.095 31.095 20.219 60.162 00.623 74.584 60.483 485.00
      y00.645 43.155 80.615 94.584 62.646 483.56
      冠幅y10.589 51.219 50.897 90.897 80.149 10.130 00.838 31.243 80.961 490.03
      y20.589 51.219 50.897 90.897 80.149 10.130 00.808 31.775 30.948 989.51
      y30.589 51.219 50.897 90.897 80.149 10.130 00.834 82.937 00.343 490.14
      y00.589 51.219 50.836 91.201 42.444 089.31

      Table 4.  Parameters and evaluation index values of the compatible individual-tree biomass models

      以树高为自变量的相容性单株生物量模型:

      以冠幅为自变量的相容性单株生物量模型:

      可以看出:杨梅相容性单株生物量模型R2均较高,都在0.600 0以上,说明模型代表性较强,拟合优度较高;平均相对误差均在±4.6%范围内,小于±5%,相对误差较小;总相对误差小于5.0%,说明模型系统偏差较小,拟合效果较好;预估精度均达85%以上,估测精度较高。总体看,本研究建立的杨梅相容性单株生物量模型精度较高,拟合效果较好,满足研究区对杨梅生物量的估测要求。其中,以地径为自变量的相容性单株生物量模型,决定系数和预估精度值最大,分别为0.881 8~0.912 4和91.63%~92.22%,为最优相容性单株生物量模型。

    • 利用建立的各相容性单株生物量模型,对杨梅各组分生物量占总生物量比例随地径、株高、冠幅的变化进行分析。从图1可见:枝干、根系生物量占杨梅总生物量的比例随地径增大而逐渐升高,增速逐渐趋缓,从地径为2 cm的32.4%、31.9%分别提高到17 cm的38.1%、36.0%;叶生物量占杨梅总生物量的比例则随地径增大呈明显快速下降趋势,从地径为2 cm的35.6%下降到17 cm的25.9%。枝干、根系生物量随树高增长而缓慢升高,从树高为0.5 m的32.2%、33.5%分别提高到3.5 m的38.1%、35.5%;叶生物量则随树高增长呈明显快速下降趋势,从树高为0.5 m的34.3%下降到3.5 m的26.4%。枝干、根系生物量随冠幅扩展缓慢升高并趋于平缓,从冠幅为0.1 m2的27.7%、28.9%分别提高到30.0 m2的38.4%、35.9%;叶生物量随冠幅扩展而逐渐下降,但降幅趋缓,从冠幅为0.1 m2的43.4%下降到30.0 m2的25.7%。

      Figure 1.  Proportions of component biomasses to total biomass with ground diameter, tree height and crown breadth increasing

    • 分别以地径、树高和冠幅为自变量,对比不同函数拟合出的模型,采用幂函数拟合的杨梅叶生物量、枝干生物量、根系生物量及总生物量模型的决定系数均为最大,为0.822~0.964,统计学意义显著。格日乐图等[22]在研究广宁茶秆竹Pseudosasa amabilis地上生物量分布特征时,选定幂函数模型作为最优模型;尹惠妍等[23]在对中国主要乔木树种生物量方程研究中,收集了1996—2012年间在国内外发表的66篇文献中的乔木生物量模型,其中包括44个乔木树种模型和612个分量模型,以幂函数的形式最多。对比地径(x1)、树高(x2)和冠幅(x3)拟合的幂函数模型,又以地径的决定系数为最大,叶生物量、枝干生物量、根系生物量及总生物量模型决定系数分别为0.951、0.942、0.964和0.959,所对应幂函数分别为y1=0.004 x12.795y2=0.003 x13.048y3=0.002 x13.141y0=0.010 x12.995

      为解决生物量模型的相容性问题,本研究采用非线性联立方程组法,构建以地径、树高和冠幅为自变量的各相容性单株生物量模型,充分考虑了各组分生物量与总生物量之间的内在相关性问题,确保了各组分生物量预测值之和等于总生物量。从研究结果来看,3个模型拟合效果均较好,预估精度都在85%以上,模型平均相对误差较小。其中以地径为自变量的相容性单株生物量模型预估精度最大,达91.63%~92.22%,模型为最优,模型参数c0b0r1r2r3r4分别为0.084 0、2.162 7、0.780 0、0.779 9、0.224 3和0.204 5。研究区杨梅标准木数量有限,加之生物量估测影响因素较多,因此,若要提高生物量估测精确度,还要从提高样本数量、减少抽样误差、控制采样条件等多方面加以提升改进[24-25]

      随地径增大、树高增长和冠幅扩展,各组分生物量占总生物量的比例基本呈相似的变化规律,其中枝干生物量、根系生物量占比均呈升高趋势,叶生物量呈下降趋势。随着杨梅生长(林龄增大),各组分生物量从高到低快速演变为枝干、根系、叶片。孙拥康等[13]构建的鄂西山区日本落叶松相容性单株生物量模型显示,树干生物量占总生物量的比例随胸径增大而升高,树冠生物量呈明显下降趋势,而树根生物量呈先增后减趋势,但整体变化较平缓;曹磊等[26]构建的广东省樟树Cinnamomum camphora相容性生物量模型显示,樟树各组分生物量占地上部分比例随胸径增大而呈现出不同的规律,树干生物量比例先增大然后基本维持不变最后逐渐下降,树叶生物量和干皮生物量比例逐渐降低,而树枝生物量比例逐渐提高。与本研究结果相反,这可能因树种不同造成的。

      需要对杨梅人工林采取一定的技术措施来提高果实产量和品质。采取大枝修剪可以改善果园中的通风透光,提高果实的品质和产量,但为避免主枝被日光灼伤,大枝修剪应选在冬季最为合适;疏果是提高果实品质的一项重要管理措施,疏枝疏果可以显著提高果实品质及其商品果率;不合理的施肥会导致杨梅不结果或果实畸形等问题,配方施肥对提升杨梅品质也是极为重要的一项举措。浙江大部分土壤为酸性土,土壤中缺乏钾、钙等元素,需有针对性地施用肥料,提高果实品质,并防止采前落果、果实腐烂病的发生[27];农户有足够经济条件时也可搭建设施大棚,以此提前杨梅的上市时间,延长杨梅的采收时段,并且可以提升杨梅的单果质量,提高果实中可溶性固形物、维生素C、糖等含量[28]

      杨梅生物量模型在碳中和、碳达峰目标下具有更强的可用性和推广性。常规森林的固碳量一般都会随着林分年龄的增大而增多[29],相同年龄下的地径、树高、冠幅存在一定的差异,年龄的增大仅仅呈现出生物量不断增长的趋势,而通过测量杨梅的单一变量如地径、树高、冠幅即可准确估算出树木的生物量,可以减少在实际测量中所需投入的人力、物力等资源。同时,利用生物量模型可以准确估算森林碳储量的生态效益,对发展碳汇经济有着极为深远的意义[30],也是衡量森林固碳能力的关键[31]。下一步的研究中,还应探索研究其他生物量估测方法,加大样本采集数量,以期建立更加科学的杨梅通用性生物量模型。

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