Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of <i>Apocynum</i>

CONG Rong; ZHAO Bing; JIANG Li

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

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CONG Rong, ZHAO Bing, JIANG Li. Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−12 doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

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CONG Rong, ZHAO Bing, JIANG Li. Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−12 doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

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Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

CONG Rong^1
,,
ZHAO Bing¹,
JIANG Li^{2
,
,}

1.
College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
2.
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China

Received Date: 2025-12-11
Rev Recd Date: 2026-05-18

Abstract

Objective To explore the differential volatile components and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the floral scent differences among 4 Apocynum cultivars, identify the key pathways and core genes involved in floral scent biosynthesis, and provide theoretical support for the improvement of floral scent quality and genetic breeding of Apocynum. Method Taking the flowers of A. pictum (‘Huoyubairisheng’, ‘Xingdeng’) and A. venetum (‘Yudie’ ‘Fanjuan Yunbian’) at full blooming stage as test materials, the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to identify the volatile floral scent components, and high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the transcriptomic differences. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression trends of key genes. Result A total of 76 volatile compounds were detected, with terpenoids as the most abundant. Among them, 63 compounds were identified as characteristic aroma substances. Significant differences in the types and contents of floral scent components existed between A. pictum and A. venetum. The terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway was key for floral scent synthesis, with 14 differentially expressed genes in the MVA and MEP pathways. Core DEGs (e.g., ACAT, HMGCS, HMGCR, DXS) regulated floral scent differences by modulating terpenoid synthesis. Additionally, enriched pathways (carotenoid biosynthesis, limonene/pinene degradation, phenylalanine metabolism, etc.) participated in synthesizing differential floral scent substances among cultivars. RT-qPCR results were consistent with RNA-seq expression trends. Conclusion Floral scent differences among Apocynum cultivars are jointly determined by the types and contents of volatile components, especially terpenoids. The key differentially expressed genes in the MVA/MEP pathways are core regulators of these differences, laying an important foundation for deciphering Apocynum floral scent formation mechanisms. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.]
- Apocynum,
- floral scent,
- volatile compounds,
- transcriptome

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花香是开花植物的核心表型性状，既是植物授粉的关键化学信号，也是决定花观赏品质的重要因素^[1]。萜类化合物是植物花香挥发物中种类最丰富的一类^[2]，其合成主要依赖甲羟戊酸(MVA)和甲基赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸(MEP)途径^[3]。罗布麻为夹竹桃科Apocynaceae罗布麻属Apocynum植物，该属植物花香浓郁、生态适应性强^[4]，是集观赏、生态、纺织^[5]、药用、食用^[6]于一体的优良经济植物^[7]。罗布麻花精油研究开展较早，不同地区、不同品种的罗布麻花精油成分不同。研究发现：新疆2种红麻Apocynum venetum和白麻A. pictum花精油成分不同，红麻花精油主要成分为鲨烯，白麻花精油主要成分为羽扇豆醇^[8]，宁夏罗布麻精油中的主要成分则为乙酸乙酯^[9]。但罗布麻鲜花挥发性花香成分的研究相对匮乏。

RNA测序(RNA Sequencing，RNA-Seq)是研究花香代谢基因的可靠方法，已在多种观赏植物中成功应用^[10−11]，而针对极端荒漠生境下野生芳香植物的系统性探究仍较为薄弱。罗布麻兼具极强抗旱耐盐碱能力与独特花香特征，是研究逆境芳香植物适应性演化的理想材料。本研究以4个罗布麻品种为材料，结合顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GCMS)和RNA-Seq技术，解析花香组分及差异表达基因，既可为荒漠芳香资源开发利用提供参考，也为罗布麻花香品质改良与定向育种奠定理论基础。

3. 讨论

不同植物的花香组分在种类与含量上存在明显差异^[18]。本研究通过HS-SPME-GC-MS鉴定出76种挥发性化合物，萜类数量最多，与荷花Nelumbo spp.^[19]、牡丹Paeonia lactiflora^[20]等一致。PCA和OPLS-DA分析证实，罗布麻种间花香差异显著，且白麻品种间差异小于红麻。63种花香物质中，白麻以水杨酸甲酯等酯类为主，该成分可抑制烷烃合成、提升低阈值香气化合物占比，与百合Lilium spp.^[21]、郁金香Tulipa spp.^[22]研究一致，也解释了白麻烷烃类物质较少的现象；红麻则富集苯乙酮、苯乙醛等酮醛类物质，既往报道红麻干燥花挥发油以脂肪酸为主^[23]，推测与干燥、蒸馏处理导致易挥发酮醛类大量散失有关。红麻中β-榄香烯、石竹烯等萜类虽挥发量低，但气味阈值低，可构成花香“底调”与“层次感”，这与茉莉Jasminum sambac^[24]中萜类的作用一致，其组成差异是红白麻及红麻品种间香型分化的关键诱因。综上，罗布麻不同类型与品种凭借挥发性组分组成丰度差异形成鲜明香型特征，可为特色芳香资源挖掘、深加工利用及优质种质选育提供理论支撑。本研究因未添加内标，暂未计算香气活度值(OAV)。后续研究可通过引入内标实现花香物质的半定量或绝对定量，进而计算OAV，从感官贡献度的角度并对各花香物质进行排序，为深入探究其花香物质特征及形成机制提供理论参考。

萜类骨架生物合成通路DEGs显著富集，而萜类化合物是植物花香重要组成^[25]。该通路通过MVA和MEP途径提供萜类合成前体，二者的代谢流量是花香合成强度的关键限速步骤，其酶活性受基因表达的精密调控^[26]。比如，在玫瑰Rose rugosa、薰衣草Lavandula angustifolia等花卉中萜类骨架生物合成通路为花香主要物质香叶醇(单萜类)和β-石竹烯(倍半萜类)等提供了前体物质^[10,26]。在罗布麻中，‘火羽白日生’显著上调MVA途径结构基因ACAT、HMGCS、HMGCR(Api11G000310)的表达水平，‘星灯’则显著上调MEP途径中DXS(Api03G017090)、ispF等基因的表达，牡丹^[27]相关研究也证实此类基因差异表达与单萜、倍半萜积累密切相关，也解释了‘星灯’中反式-β-罗勒烯、罗勒烯异构体等物质含量高于‘火羽白日生’的原因。王振昱^[28]已在薰衣草中证明DXS是花香合成的关键基因，它能促进单萜类化合物的生物合成，这解释了‘玉叠’中柠檬烯、蒎烯等单萜类花香化合物的特殊存在。‘反卷云边’表现出HMGCR(Api07G009240)的高表达，SHANG等^[29]在紫枝玫瑰R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’和无刺蔷薇R. multiflora ‘Wuci’中发现了这一基因家族的扩张促进MVA途径化合物合成，因此该基因的高表达可能是‘反卷云边’中γ-榄香烯存在的原因。MVA途径在细胞质中产生IPP，作为底物生成石竹烯、榄香烯、红没药烯、古巴烯、大根香叶烯等低挥发、低气味阈值的倍半萜化合物，它们构成沉稳持久的花香底调；MEP途径则发生在质体中，生成的IPP和DMAPP作为底物最终合成罗勒烯、柠檬烯、蒎烯等单萜类花香化合物。综上，MVA/MEP途径关键基因的表达差异最终塑造了不同罗布麻品种独特的萜类香型特征。

除萜类骨架生物合成通路外，类胡萝卜素生物合成和单萜类生物合成也是罗布麻花香合成的重要通路，已被证明参与了金银花Lonicera japonica花香的合成^[30]。此外，苯丙氨酸代谢及苯丙氨酸-酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成通路也在罗布麻中被显著富集，ZHOU等^[31]在研究巨花蔷薇时发现相同的结果，并证明这2个通路的富集促进以苯丙氨酸为前体的苯丙烷类花香物质(如苯乙醇、苯甲醛等)的合成。多种花香通路的共同作用使得罗布麻拥有丰富的香气资源。

4. 结论

本研究在4个罗布麻品种中共鉴定出76种挥发性成分，其中63种成分具有花香活性。2个白麻品种香气组成相近，以水杨酸甲酯为主；红麻“玉叠”与“反卷云边”则分别富集苯乙醛与苯乙酮。萜类为红白麻差异组分中最丰富的类别，其香气分化与MVA/MEP途径基因表达差异密切相关。白麻酯类香气清新柔和，适宜作为茶饮香型改良原料；红麻萜类物质丰富，在芳香精油选育中具备良好应用潜力。

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基因名称	正引物序列(5′→3′)	反引物序列(5′→3′)	基因编号
TUA	CTTCTTCAGCGAAACTGGGTC	TGTTAGCGGCGTCTTCCTTT	—
ACAT	ACGACTCCAGCTCTTGTGATAC	TGGTTTGCAAGAGCCACAACC	Api02G000320
AOC3	TGAATAGGACTGGGCAACTGAC	CTCCACGTGCATATTGTGTGACC	Api07G004390
DXS	ACTTTTGCTGCAGGATTGGC	TGCACTACCTGGTCATAAGCTCC	Api04G009250
GOT1	AAGTGAAGGGTATGGCTGATCG	CAACTTGTTCAGGAGTCAAGCCC	Api05G011640
HMGCR	TGCTGGACCTTTGTTGCTTG	TTTCAACAGCACGCTGGTTGC	Api07G009240
MIF	TGCCTTGCCTGAATCTCTCTAC	ATGAGTTTGGCAACGGTGGAGC	Api05G001190
MVD	AAGGTTCAGGAAGTGCTTGC	TGACAAGCTCATCCCAATGCC	Api02G022100
MVK	AGACAACGGCACTCAATTGC	TCAATTGCAGCCGCTATAGCC	Api05G008060

挥发性香气物质	CAS	相对含量/%				香气特征
挥发性香气物质	CAS	‘火羽白日生’(BB)	‘星灯’(BX)	‘玉叠’(HB)	‘反卷云边’(HX)	香气特征
醇类alcohols
1-戊烯-3-醇1-penten-3-ol	616-25-1	0.30±0.17	—	—	—	果香，蔬菜香气
异戊醇1-butanol, 3-methyl-	123-51-3	0.99±0.30	0.47±0.06	0.04±0.03	0.23±0.05	清新的果香和花香
正戊醇1-pentanol	71-41-0	0.14±0.03	—	—	—	醇香气味
2-乙基己醇1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-	104-76-7	1.96±0.56	3.66±1.64	0.27±0.03	0.20±0.04	玫瑰的花香
叶醇3hexen-1-ol, (Z)-	928-96-1	—	0.86±0.51	—	—	青草味
苯乙醇phenylethyl Alcohol	60-12-8	—	1.60±0.76	11.15±1.31	14.23±1.66	玫瑰的花香
1-辛烯-3-醇1-octen-3-ol	3391-86-4	—	—	0.03±0.01	—	蘑菇、薰衣草、玫瑰和干草香气
苯甲醇benzyl alcohol	100-51-6	—	—	1.01±0.05	1.48±0.12	甜草和杏仁香味
反式-2-癸烯醇2-decen-1-ol, (E)-	18409-18-2	—	—	0.16±0.04	—	黄瓜清香
6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇 5-hepten-2-ol, 6-methyl-	1569-60-4	—	—	—	0.06±0.00	草本柑橘气味
(R)-(+)-1-苯基乙醇 benzenemethanol, .alpha.-methyl-, (R)-	1517-69-7	—	—	—	0.30±0.07	柔和花香
醛类aldehydes
丁醛butanal	123-72-8	0.46±0.24	—	—	—	水果和香蕉香气
异戊醛butanal, 3-methyl-	590-86-3	2.29±0.65	2.60±1.15	0.14±0.06	0.43±0.29	桃子香气
戊醛pentanal	110-62-3	4.82±0.65	1.51±0.49	0.50±0.11	0.68±0.41	果香，面包香气
正己醛hexanal	66-25-1	2.75±1.29	2.01±1.13	0.25±0.14	0.21±0.12	橙子香气
壬醛nonanal	124-19-6	0.90±0.21	1.72±0.99	0.36±0.12	0.37±0.05	甜橙香气
苯甲醛benzaldehyde	100-52-7	—	2.42±1.43	2.98±0.99	3.47±0.08	杏仁气味
正辛醛octanal	124-13-0	—	0.46±0.23	0.08±0.03	0.07±0.01	脂肪橙气味
苯乙醛benzeneacetaldehyde	122-78-1	—	3.51±1.70	34.84±3.15	18.93±1.54	风信子气味
紫罗兰叶醛2,6-nonadienal, (E,Z)-	557-48-2	—	—	0.23±0.03	0.59±0.24	蔬菜香气
反式-2-壬烯醛2-nonenal, (E)-	18829-56-6	—	—	—	0.55±0.20	黄瓜香气
萜类terpenes
4-甲基-1-己烯1-hexene, 4-methyl-	3769-23-1	0.41±0.05	—	—	—	草药香气
罗勒烯异构体混合物1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-,(Z)-	3338-55-4	1.67±0.21	3.77±1.60	0.14±0.10	0.11±0.05	花香和青草香
α-法呢烯α-farnesene	502-61-4	3.06±0.40	4.67±0.46	—	—	柑橘草药和薰衣草香
反式-β-罗勒烯trans-β-ocimene	3779-61-1	0.24±0.13	0.59±0.31	—	—	甜草药味
α-蒎烯α-pinene	80-56-8	—	—	0.06±0.01	—	清新木香
β-蒎烯β-pinene	18172-67-3	—	—	0.03±0.01	—	松树香味
δ-榄香烯δ-elemene	20307-84-0	—	—	0.25±0.11	0.17±0.12	木质柑橘香
(−)-Α-荜澄茄油烯α-cubebene	17699-14-8	—	—	0.03±0.02	—	木质辛香
A-古巴烯copaene	3856-25-5	—	—	0.05±0.02	—	醇厚木香
β-榄香烯β-elemene	515-13-9	—	—	0.18±0.07	0.11±0.07	清新木香
Α-香柠檬烯bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-	17699-05-7	—	—	0.03±0.00	—	柑橘清香
石竹烯caryophyllene	87-44-5	—	—	0.43±0.27	0.13±0.03	胡椒木香
大根香叶烯B germacrene B	15423-57-1	—	—	0.12±0.05	—	草本青香
马兜铃烯(−)-aristolene	6831-16-9	—	—	0.08±0.04	—	柔和木香
蛇麻烯humulene	6753-98-6	—	—	0.55±0.28	—	木质香
γ-茂伦烯γ-muurolene	30021-74-0	—	—	0.11±0.02	—	清淡木香
β-古巴烯β-copaene	18612-33-4	—	—	0.51±0.10	0.20±0.14	厚重木香
β-红没药烯β-bisabolene	495-61-4	—	—	0.39±0.07	0.25±0.17	甜润木香
Δ-杜松烯naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)-	483-76-1	—	—	0.14±0.07	—	杜松清香
(−)-异喇叭烯 (−)-isoledene	95910-36-4	—	—	—	0.05±0.03	檀香
γ-榄香烯γ-elemene	29873-99-2	—	—	—	0.17±0.12	清淡木香
酮类ketones
甲基庚烯酮5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-	110-93-0	—	0.58±0.31	0.47±0.13	0.63±0.05	柑橘味
1-戊烯-3-酮1-penten-3-one	1629-58-9	—	—	0.05±0.02	—	辛辣的胡椒味
苯乙酮acetophenone	98-86-2	—	—	28.56±0.95	41.57±2.70	甜美的坚果和水果香气
烷烃类alkanes
正十五烷pentadecane	629-62-9	—	1.24±0.75	—	1.77±1.43	蜡味
酯类esters
苯甲酸乙酯benzoic acid, ethyl ester	93-89-0	0.63±0.28	0.95±0.07	—	—	果味
水杨酸甲酯methyl salicylate	119-36-8	62.09±7.46	52.53±2.15	0.73±0.17	0.10±0.07	冬绿薄荷味
邻甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯benzoic acid, 2-methoxy-, methyl ester	606-45-1	1.81±0.34	—	—	—	草本花香
乙酸顺-3,3,5-三甲基环己酯cyclohexanol,3,3,5-trimethyl-, acetate, cis	24691-16-5	0.79±0.17	—	—	—	甜美的薄荷味
水杨酸异辛酯2-ethylhexyl salicylate	118-60-5	—	0.55±0.39	—	—	温和的兰花甜香
乙酸苄酯acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester	140-11-4	—	—	0.63±0.04	0.45±0.13	茉莉花香
乙酸苯乙酯acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester	103-45-7	—	—	10.65±1.09	6.39±0.87	玫瑰甜香
苯甲酸苄酯benzyl benzoate	120-51-4	—	—	0.28±0.07	—	淡甜草本香
乙酸己酯acetic acid, hexyl ester	142-92-	—	—	0.07±0.01	—	苹果清香
乙酸异戊酯1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate	123-92-2	—	—	—	0.29±0.14	香蕉果香
丙烯酸正丁酯2-propenoic acid, butyl ester	141-32-	—	—	—	0.37±0.21	果香味
其他类
苯benzene	71-43-2	1.14±0.16	2.07±0.43	—	—	苦杏仁香气
苯乙腈benzyl nitrile	140-29-4	—	—	0.08±0.02	0.26±0.10	苦杏仁气味
3-甲基丁醛肟butanal, 3-methyl-, oxime	626-90-4	2.78±1.05	2.15±1.25	0.24±0.16	0.91±0.12	桃子香气
吲哚indole	120-72-9	2.68±0.74	4.57±2.53	0.38±0.04	—	花香气
说明：“—”表示未检出。

Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

Abstract

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

1. College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

2. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China

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1.1. 材料

1.2. 花香挥发性化合物的提取

1.3. GC-MS分析

1.4. 挥发性化合物的定性与相对定量分析

1.5. 转录组测序分析

1.6. 实时荧光定量PCR分析

1.7. 数据分析

2.1. 不同罗布麻品种花的挥发性化合物分析

2.1.1. 花的挥发性化合物成分分析

2.1.2. 花的挥发性化合物差异分析

2.2. 不同罗布麻品种花转录组分析

2.2.1. 转录组数据分析

2.2.2. 花香相关通路DEGs表达量差异分析

2.2.3. MVA和MEP途径分析

2.2.4. 实时荧光定量PCR验证

Catalog

Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

Abstract

Relative Article

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Related

Proportional views

Identification of floral scent components and transcriptome analysis of 4 cultivars of Apocynum

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250610

1. College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China 2. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China

HTML

1.1. 材料

1.2. 花香挥发性化合物的提取

1.3. GC-MS分析

1.4. 挥发性化合物的定性与相对定量分析

1.5. 转录组测序分析

1.6. 实时荧光定量PCR分析

1.7. 数据分析

2.1. 不同罗布麻品种花的挥发性化合物分析

2.1.1. 花的挥发性化合物成分分析

2.1.2. 花的挥发性化合物差异分析

2.2. 不同罗布麻品种花转录组分析

2.2.1. 转录组数据分析

2.2.2. 花香相关通路DEGs表达量差异分析

2.2.3. MVA和MEP途径分析

2.2.4. 实时荧光定量PCR验证

Catalog

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1. College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

2. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China