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黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu隶属于直翅目Orthoptera丝竹蝗科Oedipodidae竹蝗属Ceracris[1],其若虫、成虫分散或群聚取食竹叶,是取食量很大的一种森林昆虫[2],分布于湖南、四川、江西、云南、广西、浙江、广东等10个省份[3]。黄脊竹蝗的发生具有周期性,并且严重影响竹材的材质和使用价值,给林业生产带来极大的损失[4]。一直以来,人们对黄脊竹蝗的研究主要以防治为主,对其人工饲养也是为了观察其生活习性以便进行更有效的防治。蝗虫体内蛋白质和脂肪含量很高,氨基酸和维生素的种类也很多[5],含有大量人体所必需的微量元素,也可以作为饲料喂养各种畜禽[6],因此,对黄脊竹蝗这一昆虫资源的食饲用价值进行探索与开发有很大的意义。目前,国内已经有许多学者探究了不同饲料对资源昆虫的取食和生长等方面的影响。陈申芝[7]测定了东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis对莴苣Lactuca sativa、胡萝卜Daucus carota、麦麸Triticum aestivum、黑麦草Lolium perenne、玉米Zea mays等5种不同植物叶片的取食量以及东亚飞蝗取食这5种食料后的体质量变化。封洪强等[8]探究了金色狗尾巴草Setaria glauca、狗尾草Setaria viridis、鸭跖草Commelina communis、水稻Oryza sativa等对中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis生存及生长发育的影响。张守科等[9]通过黄脊竹蝗的取食偏好试验,测定了其对竹类7个属9个种的取食差异。而关于不同食料对黄脊竹蝗的取食和生长的影响探究较少。本研究从食料和饲用昆虫的角度对黄脊竹蝗进行人工饲养,对比研究了毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、玉米以及芒草Miscanthus sinensis 等3种不同寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗的取食偏好、体质量、体长、产卵情况以及存活率的影响,初步筛选出利于黄脊竹蝗生长发育以及繁殖的寄主植物,为深入探索规模化饲养的关键技术提供理论和实践依据。
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图1显示:1龄黄脊竹蝗若虫对3种不同寄主植物叶片的取食面积之间差异显著(P<0.05),对玉米叶的取食面积最大,平均为474.67 mm2;对毛竹取食面积次之,平均为179.33 mm2;对芒草取食面积最小,平均为76.00 mm2。黄脊竹蝗1龄若虫对玉米叶的取食量明显高于另外2种寄主植物,同时毛竹叶和芒草叶的取食量之间差异显著(P<0.05)。
图 1 1~5龄期黄脊竹蝗若虫取食不同寄主植物叶面积比较
Figure 1. Comparison of the feeding area of different host plants by the 1st to the 5th instar C. kiangsu
2龄黄脊竹蝗若虫对3种不同寄主植物叶片的取食面积之间差异显著(P<0.05),2龄若虫取食偏好从大到小依次为芒草、毛竹、玉米,与1龄若虫相比发生了显著变化,由1龄若虫最喜欢取食的玉米变为2龄若虫最喜欢的芒草。对芒草叶取食面积最大,平均为1 556 mm2;毛竹取食面积次之,平均为372 mm2;玉米叶取食面积最小,平均为157 mm2。
3龄若虫取食面积从大到小依次为芒草、玉米、毛竹,其中芒草叶取食面积最大,平均为2 343 mm2,而玉米叶和毛竹叶取食面积平均分别为1 659和1 649 mm2,两者差异不显著(P>0.05)(图1)。4龄和5龄若虫取食面积从大到小依次为芒草、玉米、毛竹,其中芒草叶取食面积仍然最大,但是玉米叶取食面积显著高于毛竹叶(P<0.05)。综上所述,2~5龄黄脊竹蝗若虫都是最喜欢取食芒草叶,另外,2~5龄期黄脊竹蝗若虫取食玉米叶的面积逐渐上升,在2龄若虫期玉米叶取食量显著低于毛竹叶(P<0.05),但是在4龄和5龄若虫期玉米叶取食量则显著高于毛竹叶(P<0.05)。
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不同寄主植物饲养后,平均每头黄脊竹蝗体质量增长量从大到小依次为玉米(0.301 g±0.015 g)、芒草(0.295 g±0.022 g)、毛竹(0.229 g±0.027 g),其中玉米叶与芒草叶饲养对黄脊竹蝗体质量增长差异不显著(P>0.05),这2种寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗体质量增长量都显著高于毛竹叶(P<0.05)(图2A)。在3种单一植物饲养下,玉米和芒草对黄脊竹蝗的平均每头体长增长量差异不显著(P>0.05),而这2种寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗体长增长量显著高于毛竹叶(P<0.05)(图2B),从大到小依次为芒草(25.120 mm±0.682 mm)、玉米(24.860 mm±1.436 mm)、毛竹(22.910 mm±2.914 mm)。
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玉米饲养的黄脊竹蝗羽化后第38天开始产卵,毛竹饲养的黄脊竹蝗第39天开始产卵,芒草饲养的黄脊竹蝗羽化后第44天开始产卵。玉米、毛竹和芒草饲养的黄脊竹蝗种群平均产卵前期分别为41.2 d±3.7 d、41.7 d±2.2 d、55.4 d±6.9 d,其中芒草饲养的种群产卵前期显著大于其他2种植物饲养的种群(P<0.05)(表1)。
表 1 黄脊竹蝗取食不同寄主植物的产卵前期
Table 1. Effect of feeding different host plants on the pre-oviposition periods of C. kiangsu
寄主植物 最短产卵
前期/d最长产卵
前期/d平均产卵
前期/dn 玉米 38 48 41.2±3.7 b 5 毛竹 39 45 41.7±2.2 b 5 芒草 44 61 55.4±6.9 a 5 说明:不同字母表示不同寄主植物间产卵前期差异显著 (P<0.05),n表示样本量(黄脊竹蝗雌雄对数) 由图3可以看出:黄脊竹蝗取食不同寄主植物后每雌虫产卵量差异显著(P<0.05),其中取食玉米和毛竹后,产卵数量相对较多,平均每笼收集到卵粒分别为131粒(玉米饲喂)和122粒(毛竹饲喂),而取食芒草收集到的卵粒最少,为21粒。玉米和毛竹饲养种群之间的产卵量差异不显著(P>0.05),前两者产卵量都显著高于芒草(P<0.05)。
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图4表明:单一寄主植物饲养蝗虫的存活率由高到低依次为毛竹(88.33%)、芒草 (86.67%)、玉米 (88.33%),但是3种寄主植物之间存活率差异不显著(P>0.05)。
Effects of three different host plants on the feeding preference and developmental status of Ceracris kiangsu
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摘要:
目的 研究黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu在3种不同寄主植物上的取食偏好和发育状况,有助于了解它们与寄主植物的关系。 方法 采用网格坐标纸计算面积法,测定不同龄期黄脊竹蝗对玉米Zea mays、芒草Miscanthus sinensis和毛竹Phyllostachys edulis 等3种寄主植物的取食选择性,并观察3种不同寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗体质量、体长、产卵前期、产卵量和存活率的影响。 结果 不同龄期黄脊竹蝗对寄主植物取食偏好性发生了改变,其中1龄若虫的平均取食面积从大到小依次为玉米(474.67 mm2±66.03 mm2)、毛竹(179.33 mm2±41.38 mm2)、芒草(76.00 mm2±42.11 mm2),而2~5龄若虫对芒草的取食面积都显著大于其他2种寄主植物(P<0.05)。不同寄主植物饲喂后,黄脊竹蝗平均体质量增长量从大到小依次为玉米(0.301 g±0.015 g)、芒草(0.295 g±0.022 g)、毛竹(0.229 g±0.027 g);黄脊竹蝗平均体长增长量从大到小依次为芒草(25.120 mm±0.682 mm)、玉米(24.860 mm±1.436 mm)、毛竹(22.910 mm±2.914 mm)。在不同寄主植物饲养下,成虫产卵前期存在显著差异(P<0.05),平均产卵前期从大到小依次为芒草(55.4 d±6.9 d)、毛竹(41.7 d±2.2 d)、玉米(41.2 d±3.7 d),其中芒草饲养的种群产卵前期显著大于其他2种植物饲养的种群;黄脊竹蝗取食不同寄主植物后雌虫产卵量差异显著(P<0.05),从大到小依次为毛竹(122.00粒±6.08粒)、玉米(121.00粒±12.70粒)、芒草(21.00粒±2.89粒);单一寄主植物饲养黄脊竹蝗的存活率影响差异不显著(P>0.05),存活率由高到低依次为毛竹(88.33%±1.70%)、芒草(86.67%±1.66%)、玉米(83.33%±1.60%)。 结论 从寄主植物获取的难易程度以及对黄脊竹蝗体质量、体长增长量和繁殖能力来考虑,玉米叶可以大量种植,芒草为户外野生禾本科Gramineae植物,不易大批量获取。相对来说,玉米叶是最适合黄脊竹蝗人工饲养的食物来源。图4表1参17 Abstract:Objective To further the relationship of Ceracris kiangsu with their host plants, an investigation was conducted of its feeding preferences and developmental status when living on three different host plants. Method The grid area calculation method was employed to determine the feeding selectivity of bamboo locust of different ages and observation was made of the effects of three different host plants on the body weight, body length, pre-laying period, spawning volume and survival rate of C. kiangsu. Result The feeding preference of host plants of C. kiangsu changes as its age accumulates; the average feeding area of first-instar nymphs was Zea mays (474.67 mm2±66.03 mm2)>Phyllostachys edulis (179.33 mm2±41.38 mm2)>Miscanthus sinensis (76.00 mm2±42.11 mm2) while the feeding area of the nymphs from the second to the fifth instar on M. sinensis was significantly larger than that on the other two host plants(P<0.05). The weight growth of different host plants was Z. mays (0.301 g±0.015 g)>M. sinensis (0.295 g±0.022 g)>Ph. edulis(0.229 g±0.027 g) whereas the length growth of different host plants was M. sinensis (25.120 mm±0.682 mm)>Z. mays (24.860 mm±1.436 mm)>Ph. edulis (22.910 mm±2.914 mm). When breeding on different host plants, C. kiangsu demonstrates significant differences in the pre-spawing period of the adults(P<0.05) and the average pre-spawning period of the three populations was M. sinensis (55.4 d± 6.9 d)>Ph. edulis (41.7 d±2.2 d)>Z. mays (41.2 d±3.7 d), and the pre-spawning period of the population feeding on M. sinensis was significantly longer than that of those feeding on the other two plants(P<0.05). The population of spawn per female was significantly different after feeding on different host plants, and the result was Ph. edulis (122.00 seeds±6.08 seeds)>Z. mays (121.00 seeds±12.70 seeds)>M. sinensis (21.00 seeds±2.89 seeds), yet there was no significant difference in the survival rate of C. kiangsu feeding on different host plants(P>0.05) with the survival rates as follows: Ph. edulis(88.33%±1.70%)>M. sinensis (86.67%±1.66%)>Z. mays (83.33%±1.60%). Conclusion With the difficulty of obtaining the host plants and the weight growth, body length calculation and reproductive capacity of C. kiangsu taken into consideration, corn leaves, compared with other two host plants which are not easy to obtain in large quantities, can be planted in large quantities, thus making the most suitable food source for artificial breeding of C. kiangsu. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 17 ref.] -
表 1 黄脊竹蝗取食不同寄主植物的产卵前期
Table 1. Effect of feeding different host plants on the pre-oviposition periods of C. kiangsu
寄主植物 最短产卵
前期/d最长产卵
前期/d平均产卵
前期/dn 玉米 38 48 41.2±3.7 b 5 毛竹 39 45 41.7±2.2 b 5 芒草 44 61 55.4±6.9 a 5 说明:不同字母表示不同寄主植物间产卵前期差异显著 (P<0.05),n表示样本量(黄脊竹蝗雌雄对数) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190723