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氮、磷、钾是植物生长发育的必需营养元素。植物体内的氮、磷、钾含量分布及其生态化学计量特征能够反映植物对各器官营养元素的分配及相互作用关系,对判断限制性营养元素、养分利用情况等具有重要作用[1−3],是当前生态学研究的主要内容和热点[4−7]。桦木科Betulaceae铁木属Ostrya植物在全世界共有7种,其中中国自然分布的有4种,而浙江省境内仅见2种,即天目铁木Ostrya rehderiana和多脉铁木O. multinervis。天目铁木为国家二级保护树种,现有野生大树仅5株[8],生长于杭州市临安区天目山镇,多脉铁木仅分布于文成县石垟林场,野生株数118株[9],是浙江省重点保护野生植物。铁木属植物具有树体高大,干形通直圆满,材质优良的特点。国内学者已对天目铁木和多脉铁木的生育、繁殖、遗传、栽培等方面进行了一定的研究[10−17]。目前,国内外缺少有关天目铁木和多脉铁木这2种珍稀植物不同器官营养元素含量及生态化学计量差异的研究。掌握天目铁木与多脉铁木生长对元素的需求情况,可以提供针对性的施肥方案,有助于天目铁木与多脉铁木的正常生长与繁育。本研究对2种铁木属植物根系、枝条、叶片、树皮的氮磷钾质量分数以及根区土壤的基本理化性质进行研究,探究2种铁木属植物的生态化学计量特征与差异,旨在为这2种植物的生存繁衍提供适合的营养管理方案,为扩大其种群数量提出合理的措施。
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天目铁木研究区位于杭州市临安区西天目山,中心位置为30°17′N,119°27′E。属北亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为14.8 ℃;最冷月为1月,月平均气温3.4 ℃;最热月为7月,月平均气温为28.1 ℃。年降水量1390.0 mm,年日照时数1550.0 h,无霜期235.0 d[18]。土壤类型属于凝灰岩发育的红壤土类。
多脉铁木研究区位于文成县石垟林场,分布中心地理位置为27°50′N,119°50′E。属中亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为12.8 ℃;最冷月为1月,月平均气温为4.0 ℃;最热月为7月,月平均气温为23.6 ℃。年降水量1604.0 mm,年均相对湿度84.0%,年日照时数1755.0 h,全年无霜期288.0 d[19]。该区域属原始次生常绿阔叶林,森林覆盖率达90%以上。多脉铁木群落分布区域的海拔为500~700 m,坡度30°~35°,南坡和坡中部地表有石块层覆盖,厚度20~30 cm,石块大小20~40 cm[20]。土壤类型为发育于花岗岩的红壤土类。2种铁木属植物根区土壤均为酸性土壤,其理化性质如表1。
表 1 天目铁木和多脉铁木根区土壤理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of soil in O. rehderiana and O. multinervis woodlands
树种 pH 碱解氮/(mg·kg−1) 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 有机碳/(g·kg−1) 天目铁木 6.26±0.03 a 166.4±2.67 a 5.25±0.38 a 158.5±1.48 a 24.1±0.23 A 多脉铁木 5.55±0.18 b 137.3±9.65 b 4.45±0.61 a 152.3±1.69 b 16.1±0.14 B 说明:表中同列小写字母表示不同树种土壤间差异显著(P<0.05),同列大写字母表示不同树种土壤间差异极显著(P<0.01) -
在研究区对天目铁木和多脉铁木群落展开调查,测量胸径和株高。选取地径和株高均为平均值的植株各3株[21],分别采集2种铁木属植物东、南、西、北带叶枝条各1根,包括当年生和多年生枝条,长度为(50.0±5.0) cm,枝径为(0.5±0.1) cm。随机均匀采集距离地面1.0 m高的2种植株树皮样品,采集后均匀混合。根系的取样以样本植株为中心,分别以0.5 m为半径,挖取深度为30.0 cm,宽度为50.0 cm的土壤剖面,采集剖面中的所有根系。
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植物样品用去离子水洗净,置于烘箱中105 ℃杀青30 min,然后在80 ℃条件下烘干至恒量[22−23],取出,用高速粉碎机将样品粉碎,过0.149 mm筛后,分别装袋编号,待用。土壤有机质的测定采用重铬酸钾容量法,土壤碱解氮的测定采用碱解扩散法,土壤有效磷的测定采用钼蓝比色法,土壤速效钾的测定采用火焰光度计法;植物样品经过H2SO4-H2O2处理,全氮采用半微量开氏法,全磷采用钼蓝比色法,全钾采用火焰光度法。
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数据均采用Excel 2016及SPSS 22.0软件整理,采用单因素方差分析的最小显著差异(LSD)法进行差异显著性检验及相关性分析。图表绘制采用Origin 2018软件处理。
Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different organs of Ostrya rehderiana and O. multinervis
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摘要:
目的 研究天目铁木Ostrya rehderiana和多脉铁木O. multinervis等2种极小种群植物不同器官的化学计量特征,推测2种植物生长的限制性元素,为林地土壤管理提供科学依据。 方法 以天目铁木和多脉铁木为研究对象,对植物根、枝、叶、树皮全氮、全磷、全钾的质量分数以及土壤基本理化性质进行了测定。采用SPSS软件进行差异显著性检验,分析2种植物不同器官之间的差异。 结果 天目铁木的氮、钾质量分数从大到小依次为叶、枝、皮、根,磷质量分数从大到小依次为枝、根、叶、皮;多脉铁木的氮、钾质量分数从大到小依次为叶、枝、根、皮,磷质量分数从大到小依次为根、枝、叶、皮。天目铁木的氮磷比平均值为3.18~19.22,氮钾比平均值为1.60~2.56,钾磷比平均值为1.97~11.80。多脉铁木氮磷比平均值为3.57~28.43,氮钾比平均值为1.14~4.59,钾磷比平均值为2.77~11.77。2种树种不同器官之间氮、磷、钾生态化学计量特征较为相似,仅多脉铁木根中的氮和叶、枝中的钾显著高于天目铁木的对应器官(P<0.05)。 结论 影响天目铁木生长的限制性元素是氮和磷,影响多脉铁木生长的限制性元素是磷。因此,在林地土壤管理中,天目铁木应适当增施氮肥和磷肥,而多脉铁木则应适当增施磷肥。图2表1参33 Abstract:Object This study aims to explore the stoichiometric characteristics of different organs of two minimal population plants, Ostrya rehderiana and O. multinervis, and to predict the limiting elements of the growth of the two plants, so as to provide scientific basis and suggestions for forest soil management. Method The mass fractions of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in roots, branches, leaves and bark of plants as well as the basic physical and chemical properties of soil were determined. SPSS software was used to test the significance of differences and analyze the differences among different organs of the two plants. Result The N and K fractions of O. rehderiana in order from large to small were leaf, branch, bark and root, and the P fraction was branch, root, leaf and bark. The N and K fractions of O. multinervis in order from large to small were leaf, branch, root and bark, and the P mass was root, branch, leaf and bark. The mean values of N∶P, N∶K and K∶P in O. rehderiana were 3.18−19.22, 1.60−2.56, and 1.97−11.80, respectively.The mean values of N∶P, N∶K and K∶P in O. multinervis were 3.57−28.43, 1.14−4.59, and 2.77−11.77, respectively. The ecological stoichiometric features of N, P and K among different organs of the two species were similar, and only N in roots and K in leaves and branches of O. multinervis were significantly higher than those in the corresponding organs of O. rehderiana(P<0.05). Conclusion The limiting elements affecting the growth of O. rehderiana are N and P, and the one affecting the growth of O. multinervis is P. Therefore, in woodland soil management, N and P fertilizer should be properly applied to O. rehderiana, while P fertilizer should be properly applied to O. multinervis.[Ch, 2 fig. 1 tab. 33 ref.] -
Key words:
- forest ecology /
- Ostrya rehderiana /
- Ostrya multinervis /
- organ /
- ecological stoichiometry
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表 1 天目铁木和多脉铁木根区土壤理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of soil in O. rehderiana and O. multinervis woodlands
树种 pH 碱解氮/(mg·kg−1) 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 有机碳/(g·kg−1) 天目铁木 6.26±0.03 a 166.4±2.67 a 5.25±0.38 a 158.5±1.48 a 24.1±0.23 A 多脉铁木 5.55±0.18 b 137.3±9.65 b 4.45±0.61 a 152.3±1.69 b 16.1±0.14 B 说明:表中同列小写字母表示不同树种土壤间差异显著(P<0.05),同列大写字母表示不同树种土壤间差异极显著(P<0.01) -
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