Spatial-temporal evolution process of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2020
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摘要:
目的 在宏观尺度利用遥感手段识别和提取石漠化斑块信息，定量分析石漠化的空间分布特征和时序演变过程，可为中国西南地区石漠化的发生、发展过程研究提供技术手段和数据支撑。 方法 以云南省为研究区，基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine)平台，以2000、2010和2020年为研究时段，采用决策树分类法定量提取石漠化斑块信息；通过时空演变模型分析云南省石漠化的时空演变过程和特征。 结果 ①研究时段内，云南省石漠化状况整体得到改善，石漠化占国土面积比例从9.65%下降至6.48%，但局部地区仍在恶化。②云南省石漠化空间分布呈东多西少的特征，其中昭通、曲靖、文山、红河和昆明等地区的石漠化分布面积较大，占全省石漠化发生面积的65.42%~72.14%。③石漠化演变流向复杂，既转移至石漠化程度高的等级又向石漠化程度低的等级转移，边治理边破坏的现象未被遏制。④极重度石漠化修复所需的周期较长，近20 a间云南省极重度石漠化大部分转移至重度石漠化。⑤石漠化内部演变过程剧烈，轻度石漠化和中度石漠化的综合变化速率较快，易于改善的同时亦存在较高的恶化风险，需加以重视。 结论 依据相关规程中的石漠化等级判定标准，采用决策树分类法，可准确提取宏观尺度的石漠化斑块信息。云南省石漠化土地面积呈减少趋势，空间分布不均匀，不同石漠化等级之间存在相互转化的现象。图3表4参25 Abstract:Objective This study aims to identify and extract information of rocky desertification patches at macroscopic scale by remote sensing tools and quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal evolution process of rocky desertification, so as to provide technical means and data support for the study of the occurrence process and development of rocky desertification in southwest China. Method Information of rocky desertification patches in Yunnan Province in 2000, 2010 and 2020 was extracted quantitatively by decision tree classification method based on Google Earth Engine platform. The spatial-temporal evolution model was used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution process and characteristics of rocky desertification. Result (1) The overall rocky desertification situation in Yunnan Province was improved during the study period but still deteriorated in some areas. The ratio of rocky desertification to land area decreased from 9.65% to 6.48%. (2) The spatial distribution of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province was characterized by more in the east and less in the west, and the major distribution areas were Zhaotong, Qujing, Wenshan, Honghe and Kunming, accounting for 65.42%−72.14% of the occurrence area of rocky desertification in the whole province. (3) The evolution of rocky desertification tended to be complex, which shifted to both high grade and low grade of rocky desertification, and the phenomenon of destruction while treatment was not curbed. (4) Most of the extremely severe rocky desertification has shifted to severe rocky desertification in the past 20 years, indicating that it would take a long time for the extremely severe rocky desertification to be restored. (5) The internal evolution process of rocky desertification was intense, and the comprehensive change rate of light rocky desertification and moderate rocky desertification was fast. It was easy to improve but also had a higher risk of deterioration. Conclusion The relevant protocols are used as criteria for determining the grade of rocky desertification, and the macro-scale information of rocky desertification patches can be accurately extracted by decision tree classification method. The area of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province is decreasing, with uneven spatial distribution and mutual transformation among different grades of rocky desertification. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 25 ref.] -
表 1 石漠化表征因子计算公式
Table 1. Calculation formulas of rocky desertification indicators
表征指标 计算公式 归一化岩石指数 INDR=(BSWIR−BNIR)/(BSWIR+BNIR) 归一化植被指数 INDV=(BNIR−BRED)/(BNIR+BRED) 岩石裸露率 RE=(INDR−INDR-min)/( INDR-max−INDR-min) 植被覆盖度 FVC=(INDV−I NDV-min)/( INDV-max−I NDV-min) 土层厚度 ST=0.0036RE2−0.717 9RE+40.312 说明：取INDR累计贡献率为5%和95%的值作为INDR-min和 INDR-max；取INDV累计贡献率为5%和95%的值作为 INDV-min和INDV-max[10]。BSWIR、BNIR、BRED分别表示 近红外、红外、红光波段的像元值 
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表 2 云南省石漠化遥感分类精度混淆矩阵
Table 2. Confusion matrix of remote sensing classification accuracy of rocky desertification in Yunnan
类型 无石漠化/个 潜在石漠化/个 轻度石漠化/个 中度石漠化/个 重度石漠化/个 极重度石漠化/个 制图精度/% 用户精度/% 无石漠化 401 18 5 4 1 2 79.25 93.04 潜在石漠化 61 114 21 10 1 1 73.08 54.81 轻度石漠化 44 4 65 0 0 0 55.08 57.52 中度石漠化 0 14 15 97 16 3 76.98 66.90 重度石漠化 0 6 9 7 132 27 79.04 72.93 极重度石漠化 0 0 3 8 17 94 74.02 77.05
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表 3 云南省2000-2020年各等级石漠化动态度
Table 3. Dynamic degree of desertification rocky desertification grade of Yunnan from 2000 to 2020
等级 面积/km2 2000－2010年 2010－2020年 2000 2010 2020年 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 无石漠化 62 459.24 66 179.97 74 720.13 3 720.73 0.60 8 540.16 1.29 潜在石漠化 18 895.02 18 391.77 18 763.56 −503.25 −0.27 371.79 0.20 轻度石漠化 3 849.05 4 402.55 2 438.54 553.50 1.44 −1 964.01 −4.46 中度石漠化 5 644.20 4 976.98 5 140.92 −667.22 −1.18 163.94 0.33 重度石漠化 19 957.55 16 322.75 12 122.71 −3 634.80 −1.82 −4 200.04 −2.57 极重度石漠化 7 500.45 8 031.49 5 119.65 531.04 0.71 −2 911.84 −3.63 总计 9 610.54 0.81 18 151.78 1.53
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表 4 云南省2000－2020年石漠化演变双向变化速率
Table 4. Two-way change rate of rocky desertification evolution in Yunnan from 2000 to 2020
等级 2000－2010年 2010－2020年 新增面
积/km2转移面
积/km2新增速
率/%转移速
率/%变化速
率/%新增面
积/km2转移面
积/km2新增速
率/%转移速
率/%变化速
率/%无石漠化 11 351.06 7 630.33 1.82 1.22 3.04 15 582.55 7 042.38 2.35 1.06 3.42 潜在石漠化 8 917.64 9 420.88 4.72 4.99 9.71 10 884.71 10 512.93 5.92 5.72 11.63 轻度石漠化 3 768.21 3 214.71 9.79 8.35 18.14 1 808.59 3 772.60 4.11 8.57 12.68 中度石漠化 4 266.72 4 933.93 7.56 8.74 16.30 4 176.47 4 012.53 8.39 8.06 16.45 重度石漠化 7 386.66 11 021.46 3.70 5.52 9.22 5 446.48 9 646.52 3.34 5.91 9.25 极重度石漠化 4 139.78 3 608.74 5.52 4.81 10.33 1 925.33 4 837.18 2.40 6.02 8.42
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