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红花石蒜 Lycoris radiata是石蒜科Amaryllidaceae石蒜属 Lycoris的多年生球根花卉,分布于亚热带地区,喜温暖湿润气候,耐旱,不喜强光[1]。一般在10月出叶,翌年5月叶片枯萎凋落,地上部进入休眠期,至翌年9月上旬无叶期开花[2]。其花形奇特、花色红艳,极具观赏价值。鳞茎富含多种生物碱和淀粉,药用和工业价值较高[3]。因鳞茎生长缓慢、种球自然繁殖率低[4],石蒜的产业化开发受限。
碳水化合物在植物器官发育及种子萌发过程中起重要作用[2]。糖和淀粉是维持鳞茎碳水化合物平衡的主要物质[5],在植物休眠期间还充当信号物质[6],也是鳞茎打破休眠开始萌发的能量与物质基础[7]。其中,非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)是重要的能源物质,对鳞茎的“源—库”平衡至关重要,其动态变化反映了植物体内的碳收支情况以及对外界环境的适应[8]。稳定同位素标记法是研究光合碳固定、分配及转移的重要工具,具有安全、稳定、易操作等优点,在生物及化学研究中被广泛应用。目前,已在小麦Triticum asetivum [9]、玉米Zea mays [10]、水稻Oryza sativa [11]等农作物及山毛榉Fagus longipetiolata[12]、马尾松Pinus massoniana[13]和冷杉 Picea abies [14−15]等树木中采用同位素标记法开展同化物的分配研究,且大多采用脉冲标记法。通过测定非结构性碳水化合物中单一化合物的同位素比率(δ13C),有助于理解光合作用后续代谢及生理生化过程中的碳同位素分馏效应[16]。
目前,有关石蒜体内非结构性碳水化合物的研究多集中在石蒜不同生长发育阶段[7, 17−18]、不同器官或部位内的非结构性碳水化合物含量变化[19]等方面,较少涉及非结构性碳水化合物的合成、转运及代谢过程。为此,本研究以红花石蒜为研究材料,采用13C同位素脉冲标记法追踪光合碳在不同器官和非结构性碳水化合物各组分中的分配与累积量,旨在探析石蒜体内光合碳的运输和分配规律,为进一步阐明石蒜体内糖类物质的积累、转化及代谢过程,揭示库—源转化的生理机制提供依据。
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研究地点位于江西农业大学园林与艺术学院花卉盆景实训基地(28°45′41′′N,115°50′28′′E),海拔50 m,属亚热带湿润季风气候,四季分明,雨水充沛。研究于2021年11月中旬(红花石蒜生长旺盛期)进行,供试材料为3年生的盆栽红花石蒜,共9株(1株1盆),其中6株被标记13C,其余3盆未标记作为δ13C参考。供试的盆栽石蒜种球大小基本一致(种球直径为2.8~3.0 cm),健康无病虫;种植盆的规格为130 mm (口径)×95 mm (底径)×200 mm (高)。种植基质为蛭石∶泥炭土=1∶1(质量比)。
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采用的脉冲标记法参照HU等[20]执行,采用亚克力板搭建标记室(长×宽×高为0.7 m×0.6 m×0.7 m),置于光照充足的户外,植物13C标记在标室中进行(图1)。标室内配有小风扇(用以均匀分配产生的13CO2)、冰块(降温)和烧杯等,并采用气球法检查标室气密性。
标记前,先利用装有1 mol·L−1 氢氧化钠(NaOH)的吸收装置吸除标记室内的12CO2,再将6盆待标记植物移入标室内,同时将其余3盆置于距离标记室10 m以外的地方,作为空白对照(ck)。标记开始时,先用注射器将适量1 mol·L−1盐酸(HCl)注入装有Na213CO3的烧杯,反应产生13CO2;当标室内CO2被植物吸收浓度降低到一定值后,再在另一个装有Na213CO3的烧杯中注入等量盐酸。标记从9:00开始,至17:00结束。期间,使用CO2监测仪(Li-850)实时监测标记室内的CO2浓度。待全部反应完毕后,再将适量盐酸注入装有Na212CO3的烧杯中,使其产生12CO2,以提高箱内CO2浓度,促进残留的13CO2同化。待植物不再吸收CO2进行光合作用时,关闭吸收装置。
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在标记结束后,同时将被标记和对照处理的红花石蒜从盆中取出,冲洗干净并吸干表面水分后,分别采集石蒜植株的根、叶和鳞茎,再切取鳞茎的内层鳞片(第2~4片)、中层鳞片(第5~8片)、外层鳞片(第9~12片)样品。将样品先置于105 ℃ 烘箱中杀青处理30 min,再放于65 ℃干燥箱中干燥24 h至恒量,称取各样品干质量,并计算其生物量。随后,再将烘干的样品研磨成细粉,分成2份。其中,一份用于测定不同非结构性碳水化合物组分的有机碳和δ13C值;另一份则用于测定样品中的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖及淀粉质量分数。
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①可溶性总糖的提取。取0.05~0.10 g干样细粉置于具盖的5 mL塑料离心管中,加入2 mL的纯净水,在80 ℃水浴下浸提10 min;再以3 000 r·min−1离心5 min,取上清液装入10 mL的具塞刻度试管中沉淀,再用蒸馏水提取2次,每次2 mL。收集并合并离心后的上清液,提取液定容至10 mL,用于可溶性糖(葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖)的13C测定,残渣则用于淀粉水解分析。② 淀粉水解。取①中可溶性糖测定时离心管内残渣,加入2 mL水,在沸水浴中加热糊化10 min;经冷却后再加入1 mL 9.2 mol·L−1高氯酸,置冷水浴中提取15 min后,以3 500 r·min−1离心5 min,取上清液。在残渣中,再加入2 mL 4.6 mol·L−1高氯酸,继续在冷水浴中浸提10 min,后离心取上清液。再将残渣用2 mL水洗涤,离心,取上清液,合并以上3步上清液,将其定容至10 mL,即为淀粉测定样液。将样液置于冷冻干燥机内浓缩(至少2 d)成浓缩液或干粉,用于淀粉的13C测定。③稳定同位素分析。采用质谱仪与EA-HT元素分析仪、LC-isolink联用法测定同位素比率。首先,将样品在元素分析仪中高温燃烧后生成CO2,再用质谱仪检测通过的CO2中的13C与12C比率,经与国际标准物(PDB)进行比对后,再计算得出样品的δ13C值。其中,含碳量是通过比较待测样品和3个工作标样的出峰面积计算而得(精度:δ13C 为±<0.1‰;含碳量为±<0.5%)。
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淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖使用分光光度法测定,具体操作参照苏州科铭生物有限公司的试剂盒说明书执行。
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根据文献[21]将同位素质谱仪得出的δ13C值换算成13C原子百分比[AT13C (%)]。参照邓秀秀等[13]的计算方法计算各器官(或部位)中含碳总量(mg)、库活力、各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累量(mg)以及不同NSC组分在各器官的13C分配比例(%)。各器官及不同NSC组分的13C分配率和13C富集率的计算公式如下:
$$ \begin{aligned} &{}^{\text{13}}{{C}}_{富集率}=^{13} {C}_{i}/{C}_{i} \text{;}\\ &{}^{\text{13}}{{C(S}} _{{i}}{\text{)}}_{富集率}=^{13} C({S} _{i})/C({S} _{i}) \text{;}\\ &{}^{\text{13}}{C} {\text{ }}_{分配率}\text={}^{{}^{\text{13}}}{C}{}_{{i}}{{/C}}_{\text{up}} \text{;}\\ &{}^{\text{13}}{C} \text{ }({S} _{i})_{分配率}\text={}^{{}^{\text{13}}}{C}{{(S}} _{{i}}{{)/C}}_{\text{up}} 。 \end{aligned} $$ 其中:i为不同器官,Si为不同NSC组分;13Ci各器官固定的13C,13C(Si)各器官中不同NSC组分固定的13C;Ci为各器官或部位的含碳总量;C(Si)为NSC各组分中的含碳总量;Cup为标记溶液所产生的13C量。
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利用Excel 2021整理试验数据,利用SPSS 25.0进行差异显著分析(Duncan法),利用OriginPro 2019b、Photoshop 2019制作图表。
Distribution and transport patterns of NSC in Lycoris radiata based on 13C tracing
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摘要:
目的 解析非结构性碳水化合物在红花石蒜Lycoris radiata体内的合成、运输和分配规律。 方法 采用13C同位素脉冲标记法研究新同化碳在不同器官(叶、根系、内层鳞片、中层鳞片以及外层鳞片)和非结构性碳水化合物各组分(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖及淀粉)中的分配规律及转运路径。 结果 ①生物量和含碳总量均以内层鳞片最大;各器官的库活力从大到小依次为叶、内层鳞片、根、中层鳞片、外层鳞片。②叶片在吸收13CO2后,在不同器官中光合固定的13C的分配比例从高到低依次为叶、茎、根;在鳞茎中的分配从内到外逐渐减少。13C标记的蔗糖分配比例从高到低依次为内层鳞片、叶、中层鳞片、根、外层鳞片;13C标记的果糖和葡萄糖的分配比例从高到低均依次为叶、 内层鳞片、根、中层鳞片、外层鳞片;13C标记的淀粉的分配比例从高到低依次为叶、内层鳞片、中层鳞片、根、外层鳞片。③13CO2在红花石蒜中的运输主要存在横向和纵向运输两大途径,其中在纵向运输上13C转运更多。④13C在非结构性碳水化合物各组分中的分配以蔗糖中最多,其次为13C标记的果糖,而各部位中13C标记的葡萄糖甚微,低于其他糖类。⑤在糖转化过程与代谢过程中,叶、根、内层鳞片中果糖的13C分配率依次为葡萄糖13C分配率的9.6、41.5、118.1倍,短时间内新合成的果糖远多于葡萄糖。 结论 新同化的碳的分配在石蒜体内纵向与横向运输上均逐渐减少,石蒜叶片中光合产物形成后先被转运至内层鳞片,一部分先运输至根中,另一部分由内层鳞片向外层运输。此时,中层鳞片与外层主要发挥临时营养“库”的功能。蔗糖既是石蒜叶片光合的主要产物,也是石蒜体内非结构性碳水化合物运输的主要形式;石蒜体内大量13C标记果糖的产生与蔗糖水解过程优先采用蔗糖合成酶途径有关,也阐明了果糖对石蒜的生长发育具有重要意义。图6参36 Abstract:Objective The objective is to analyze the synthesis, transportation and distribution of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in Lycoris radiata. Method 13C isotope pulse labeling method was used to study the distribution and transport pathway of newly assimilated carbon in different organs (leaves, roots, inner bulb, middle bulb and outer bulb) and NSC components (sucrose, fructose, glucose and starch). Result (1) The biomass and total carbon content were the highest in the inner bulb. The sink vitality of each organ in descending order was leaf, inner bulb, root, middle bulb and outer bulb. (2) After absorbing 13CO2, the distribution ratio of 13C in different organs from high to low was leaf, stem and root. The distribution in bulbs gradually decreased from inside to outside. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled sucrose in different organs of L. radiata from high to low was manifested as inner bulb, leaf, middle bulb, root and outer bulb. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled fructose and glucose ranging from high to low was leaf, inner bulb, root, middle bulb and outer bulb. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled starch from high to low was expressed as leaf, inner bulb, middle bulb, root and outer bulb. (3) The transport of 13CO2 in L. radiata mainly involved two major pathways: horizontal and vertical, with 13C being transported more in vertical direction. (4) The distribution of 13C in NSC components was the highest in sucrose, followed by 13C-labeled fructose, while the content of 13C-labeled glucose was minimal in various parts, lower than other sugars. (5) In the process of sugar conversion and metabolism, the 13C distribution rate of fructose in leaves, roots and inner bulb was 9.6, 41.5 and 118.1 times that of glucose, respectively. The newly synthesized fructose was much more than glucose in a short time. Conclusion The distribution of newly assimilated carbon in L. radiata gradually decreases in both vertical and horizontal transport. The photosynthetic products in the leaves of L. radiata are first transported to the inner layer of bulbs, and some are first transported to the roots. The other part is transported from the inner layer to the outer layer of the bulb. At this point, the middle and outer layers of the bulb mainly serve as temporary nutrient reservoirs. Sucrose is not only the main product of photosynthesis in L. radiata leaves, but also the main form of NSC transport in L. radiata. The production of a large amount of 13C-labeled fructose in L. radiata is related to the preferential use of sucrose synthase pathway in the sucrose hydrolysis process, which also elucidates the significance of illustrates that fructose for the growth and development of L. radiata. [ Ch, 6 fig. 36 ref.] -
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