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在植物细胞中,内膜系统(endomembrane system)是一个由多种细胞器组成的精密网络,负责囊泡运输和细胞内物质的精确分配。这一系统在植物的生长发育以及应对各种环境胁迫(如高温、干旱等)起着不可或缺的作用[1]。这些细胞器包括内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER),高尔基体(golgi),反式高尔基体网络/早期内吞体(trans-golgi network/early endosome, TGN/EE),液泡前体/多囊泡体/晚期内吞体(prevacuolar compartment/multivesicular body/late endosome, PVC/MVB/LE),自噬体(autophagosome)和液泡(vacuole)等[2]。在液泡转运途径(vacuolar transport pathway)中,蛋白质在内质网中合成,然后被包装进COPⅡ (coat proten Ⅱ)囊泡中,运送到高尔基体进行进一步的修饰。经过TGN/EE的转运,这些蛋白质被分选到MVB/PVC/LE中,最终运输至液泡行使功能或降解。内吞体分选转运复合物(endosomal sorting complex required for transport, ESCRT)是一类在真核细胞内质膜系统中高度保守的蛋白质复合物[3]。ESCRT特异性调控PVC/MVB/LE的生成以及从PVC/MVB到液泡/溶酶体的蛋白质分选[4−5]。它在细胞质或质膜中的蛋白质修饰和运输中发挥关键作用,对蛋白质分泌途径、内吞作用以及各种重要的信号通路都有重要贡献[3, 6−7]。
作为固着生物,植物需要不断监测环境变化,这些变化的环境往往不利于植物的生长发育,包括非生物胁迫如盐胁迫、干旱胁迫,生物胁迫如病原体感染。植物为了应对这些不利条件,已经进化出有效而复杂的响应系统[8−9]。在干旱条件下,植物细胞中的脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)开始积累,形成ABA-PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR)/PYR-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (RCAR)-2C型蛋白磷酸酯酶(2C-type protein phosphatases, PP2C)三元复合物和SnRK2 (SNF1-related protein kinase 2) 结合。这种结合导致SnRK2被磷酸化,激活下游基因,积极调控ABA信号响应基因表达[10]。在盐胁迫条件下,植物感知到过量的Na+ 并激活盐过度敏感(salt over-sensitivity, SOS)途径,随后SOS2激酶和质膜定位的Na+ 抗转运蛋白SOS1发挥作用,将多余的Na+ 排出细胞,促进植物的生存和生长[8−9, 11]。植物在与病原体长期的“博弈”中演化出2套免疫系统,即模式诱导免疫(pattern-triggered immunity, PTI)和效应诱导免疫(effector-triggered immunity, ETI)。植物通过细胞膜上的受体蛋白识别病原体携带的一些分子,激活PTI以抵抗病原体入侵。另一类受体,核苷酸结合亮氨酸重复蛋白(nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein, NLR),感知毒性蛋白,触发ETI,随后激活更强烈的免疫反应[12−13]。
植物细胞中,内膜运输和泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径在胁迫相关货物分子的正确递送中起着重要作用。ESCRT复合体是调节货物蛋白运输和降解的蛋白复合物之一。本研究总结了近年来ESCRT介导的内膜运输系统在植物胁迫响应中的研究进展,以期为构建精准的ESCRT介导逆境响应分子调控网络提供参考。
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随着全球气候变化和生态压力的增加,植物如何应对各种逆境胁迫已经成为植物学和农学领域的重要研究课题。最新研究发现:ESCRT复合体在调控植物胁迫响应中起着关键作用。例如,在干旱胁迫条件下,ESCRT通过调节ABA的积累和运输来帮助植物适应水分不足的环境。在盐胁迫下,ESCRT复合体参与Na+的排出和细胞壁的修复,以减轻盐害对植物的影响。此外,ESCRT还在生物胁迫中发挥作用,如参与植物与病原菌之间的相互作用。本研究总结了ESCRT复合体和相关蛋白参与调控植物非生物和生物胁迫响应分子机制的最新研究(表1)。
表 1 调控逆境胁迫响应的ESCRT复合体蛋白
Table 1. ESCRT machineries regulating stress responses
ESCRT亚基 基因名(基因编号) 调控胁迫响应中发挥的功能 参考文献 ESCRT-Ⅰ VPS23A(AT3G12400) 与SOS2/SOS3复合物相互作用进而增强耐盐性 [11] 与ABA受体相互作用并介导其液泡降解 [10, 11, 47] VPS28-2(AT4G05000)
VPS37-1(AT3G53120)调节病毒的基因表达,参与病毒粒子的组装和释放 [68] ESCRT-Ⅲ Vps24(AT5G22950)
Snf7(AT2G19830)
Vps4(AT2G27600)保护病毒RNA不受核糖核酸酶的影响 [70] VPS4/SKD1 LIP5(AT4G26750) 调节离子平衡、渗透势和应激相关基因的表达 [36, 55] 促进ABA的合成和信号转导 [56] 影响植物免疫应答的其他信号转导途径 [36, 55, 69] ESCRT相关蛋白 FREE1(AT1G20110) 利用内吞体和非内吞体功能反向调节ABA信号 [35, 50−51] ALIX(AT1G15130) 控制ABA受体的积累 [41, 52−53] 尽管现有的研究已经揭示了诸如FREE1、VPS23A等ESCRT蛋白在植物应对逆境胁迫中的重要作用,但是鉴于ESCRT复合体的复杂性和多样性,其余ESCRT蛋白应对逆境胁迫的功能探索尚处于初级阶段。此外,植物ESCRT蛋白有着数量不等的同源基因,如ESCRT-Ⅰ蛋白VPS23A和VPS23B、ESCRT-Ⅲ蛋白SNF7-1和SNF7-2等,这些同源基因编码的蛋白在调控逆境胁迫响应过程中是发挥不同的功能还是功能冗余尚不清楚。因此有必要深入发掘ESCRT调控植物逆境胁迫响应的分子机制。随着研究技术的更新迭代,超分辨显微镜、3D电子断层扫描成像、光电联用显微镜等更高分辨率的成像技术逐渐应用到细胞生物学领域。在纳米级分辨率下解析不同细胞器的形态特征变化,可以更加透彻地了解ESCRT和PVC/MVB/LE在植物逆境胁迫响应中的功能。总之,对ESCRT介导的内膜运输在调控植物应对逆境胁迫中的研究为农业生产和环境保护提供更多创新的思路和方法。
Research advances on the plant ESCRT machinery regulation of stress responses
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摘要: 逆境胁迫是导致全球农作物产量下降的主要原因之一。当植物受到胁迫时,细胞内蛋白质运输途径需要迅速调整,以确保与应激反应相关的货物分子能通过内膜系统被正确递送到效应位点。真核生物的内膜系统由多种细胞器构成,这些细胞器在有序调控下被准确而高效地生成,参与细胞内物质运输。内吞体分选转运复合物(ESCRT)参与调控液泡前体/多囊泡体的生物学发生过程,并促使了泛素化蛋白从内吞体到液泡的运输过程。本研究重点概述了ESCRT在植物逆境胁迫响应方面的最新研究成果,包括ESCRT的基本组成和功能,以及ESCRT在植物非生物胁迫(干旱、盐胁迫)和先天免疫中的调控作用。探究ESCRT如何特异性识别并调控逆境胁迫响应蛋白,将有助于构建更为精准的ESCRT介导逆境响应的分子调控网络。图2表1参70Abstract: Stress is one of the major reasons causing global crop yield decline. Under stress conditions, the intracellular protein trafficking needs to be adjusted rapidly to ensure the correct delivery of the associated cargo molecules via endomembrane system. The endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells contains diverse membrane-bound organelles, which are accurately and efficiently generated in a well-organized way. These organelles play essential roles in protein transport. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complex mediates the biogenesis of prevacuolar compartment/multivesicular body (PVC/MVB), facilitating the vacuolar trafficking of the ubiquitinated proteins. This review highlights the recent research on ESCRT machinery in plant stress responses, including the basic composition and function of ESCRT, and the regulatory role of ESCRT in plant abiotic stress (i.e. drought and salt stress) and innate immunity. To explore how ESCRT specifically recognizes and regulates stress response proteins, it will be helpful to construct a more precise ESCRT-mediated molecular regulatory network of stress responses. [Ch, 2 fig. 1 tab. 70 ref.]
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表 1 调控逆境胁迫响应的ESCRT复合体蛋白
Table 1. ESCRT machineries regulating stress responses
ESCRT亚基 基因名(基因编号) 调控胁迫响应中发挥的功能 参考文献 ESCRT-Ⅰ VPS23A(AT3G12400) 与SOS2/SOS3复合物相互作用进而增强耐盐性 [11] 与ABA受体相互作用并介导其液泡降解 [10, 11, 47] VPS28-2(AT4G05000)
VPS37-1(AT3G53120)调节病毒的基因表达,参与病毒粒子的组装和释放 [68] ESCRT-Ⅲ Vps24(AT5G22950)
Snf7(AT2G19830)
Vps4(AT2G27600)保护病毒RNA不受核糖核酸酶的影响 [70] VPS4/SKD1 LIP5(AT4G26750) 调节离子平衡、渗透势和应激相关基因的表达 [36, 55] 促进ABA的合成和信号转导 [56] 影响植物免疫应答的其他信号转导途径 [36, 55, 69] ESCRT相关蛋白 FREE1(AT1G20110) 利用内吞体和非内吞体功能反向调节ABA信号 [35, 50−51] ALIX(AT1G15130) 控制ABA受体的积累 [41, 52−53] -
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