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光照是影响植物生长发育的重要环境因素之一,不仅提供了植物生长和生理活动所需要的能量,还作为一种信号调控植物的生长发育和形态建成[1]。因此,光是植物为了生长发育需要竞争的重要资源,特别是在生长密集的植物群落中。阳光中的红光(red light,R)和蓝光(blue light,B)被位于上层的叶片吸收用于光合作用,大部分的远红光(far red light,FR)被上层植物组织反射和传递给下层植被,导致红光与远红光比例(R/FR)下降、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)减少。研究表明:下层植被感知到的R/FR可从全光照下的1.20降至0.05~0.70[2]。如拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana单片叶遮盖可以将PAR从1 500 mmol·m−2·s−1减少到120 mmol·m−2·s−1,R/FR从1.20减少到0.20,且增加一片叶遮盖后PAR下降至40 mmol·m−2·s−1,R/FR下降至0.1[3]。
不同植物对光照的敏感程度不同。阳生植物在高光强条件下生长状况良好,但在遮阴或者弱光条件下生长不良,例如向日葵Helianthus annuus和月季Rosa chinensis等;而阴生植物则在长期遮阴条件下可以正常完成生活史,如三七Panax notoginseng和南方红豆杉Taxus chinensis var. mairei[4−5]。在遮阴条件下,阳生植物感知遮阴信号时会产生一系列避荫反应(shade avoidance response, SAR)以躲避低光,而阴生植物则通过产生一系列耐荫反应使植物获取更多光照来维系植株正常发育。前人对于阳生植物避荫反应的研究甚广,包括从下胚轴伸长、分枝减少[6]、比叶面积(specific leaf area,SLA)[7]增大和叶绿素a/b下降[8]等生理形态变化的研究,到生长素、赤霉素和油菜素甾醇与光信号通路互作共同调节植株避荫反应的分子机制,而对阴生植物耐荫机制的研究却十分匮乏,仅能借鉴个别阳生植物耐荫反应的研究。
本研究综述了荫蔽环境中阳生植物和阴生植物的生理形态、避荫反应和耐荫反应机制的研究进展,旨在为弱光环境下植物光响应机制尤其是阴生植物耐荫机制的研究提供参考依据,同时为提高植物光合效率,培育高产作物新品种,以及森林生态系统中林分调整、林下经济空间多层结构的搭建开辟有效路径。
Research progress on plant physiological morphology and light response mechanism in shaded environments
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摘要: 光照是影响植物生长发育的重要环境因素之一。在农业生产中利用提高作物光合效率来提升其产量与品质具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。在密集的植物群落中,由于上层植被的遮盖,下层植物所获得的光能较少,所以下层植物需要竞争更多光能来维持生长。植物有2种对策获取更多光能,即避荫反应和耐荫反应。目前,对避荫反应的研究较为透彻,但对耐荫反应还缺乏深入研究。综述了荫蔽环境下阳生植物通过伸长下胚轴、叶柄与茎等生理形态改变来适应较低光照水平,同时阴生植物通过展现出促进碳的获得能力、具有较低的表型可塑性和提高对胁迫的抗逆能力等耐荫特征来应对有限的光照条件。结合阳生植物通过激素与光信号通路相互作用来响应弱光环境的避荫反应机制,探讨了在荫蔽环境下阴生植物一方面通过激活拮抗因子抑制避荫反应,另一方面通过提高耐荫反应基因转录活性来增强弱光适应性的耐荫反应机制,为不同植物响应弱光环境机制的研究提供参考,同时为提高植物光能利用效率、培育高光效优良作物品种及构建高效森林生态系统提供有效途径。图3参61Abstract: Light is a crucial environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. It is of great scientific significance and application value to enhance plant yield and quality in agricultural production by improving its photosynthetic efficiency. In dense plant communities, lower plants receive less light energy due to the coverage of upper vegetation, so lower plants need to compete for more light energy to maintain growth. Plants have two strategies to obtain more light energy: shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) and shade tolerance response (STR). Research on SAS is relatively thorough, but there is a lack of in-depth research on STR. This paper provides an overview of how sunny plants adapt to lower light level by extending hypocotyl, petioles, stems and other physiological morphological changes in shaded environments. At the same time, shade tolerant plants respond to limited light conditions by exhibiting shade resistance characteristics such as promoting carbon acquisition, low phenotypic plasticity ability and improving stress resistance. Combined with the mechanism of shade avoidance response of sunny plants in response to low light environment through the interaction between hormones and light signaling pathways, the shade tolerance response mechanism of shade tolerant plants in shaded environments is studied, which involves both activating antagonistic factors to inhibit shade avoidance syndrome and improving the transcription activity of shade tolerance response genes to enhance low light adaptability. This review provides reference for research on the mechanism of different plants responding to low light environments, and proposes effective ways to improve the efficiency of plant light energy utilization, cultivate crop varieties with high light efficiency, and construct efficient forest ecosystems. [Ch, 3 fig. 61 ref.]
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