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陆地棉Gossypium hirsutum是主要的经济作物之一,在经济发展过程中占有重要地位。而今因优质耕地面积减少导致的粮棉争地问题日益突出,中国陆地棉产区又整体呈现西北内陆棉区面积不断扩大,黄河、长江棉区面积持续减少的趋势[1]。在西北内陆地区栽培早熟棉能充分发挥其可晚播的特点,减少因早春干燥、降温,以及晚霜等原因造成的育苗病虫害,降低杀虫剂施用量[2],增加霜前开花率并改善陆地棉品质[3]。因此,筛选早熟棉对提高耕地利用效率具有重要意义[4]。
植物从生理生长转向生殖生长的过程为开花[5],受环境激素影响[6],目前较为广泛的调控开花途径是光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径及年龄途径等[7]。自主及春化途径主要通过开花抑制基因FLC位点进行[8],FLC调控FT和SOC1抑制开花[9],受光周期途径正向调控[10],可被FLD等通路抑制[11]。光周期靠CO/FT表达改变模式[12]。CO是光周期的核心基因[13],其蛋白有2个锌指结构域正向调控FT[14−15],N端蛋白控制光稳定,C端CCT区域用于核定位[16]。对拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana研究表明:CCA1/LHY在TOC1上游调控光形态建成抑制其节律[17−18]。激活CCA1/LHY和TOC1翻译组蛋白可调控昼夜节律[19]。RVE8/LCL5也可通过结合TOC1启动子调节昼夜节律[20],节律核心基因限制TOC1的降解[21]。TOC1和CCA1的mRNA转录水平受Hesp调控[22]。
PRR亚家族成员是生物钟重要组分。中心环CCA1和LHY通过结合启动子负调控TOC1(APRR1)[23]。CCA1和LHY是PRR9、PRR7的正调控因子[24],也可能是PRR5的正调控因子。3个PRR基因通过结合启动子负调控CCA1和LHY[25]。PRR5促进TOC1积累使其稳定[26],PRR3和PRR5阻断TOC1与ZTL互作使其稳定[24]。对玉米Zea mays研究表明:PRR家族成员参与包括光响应在内的多种信号传导[27]。对大豆Glycine max研究表明:PRR家族CCT结构缺失与无意义突变影响开花时间[28]。对大白菜Brassica pekinensis[29]、大豆突变体[30]研究也表明:TOC1可控制早花,参与非生物胁迫应答[31]。
陆地棉中开花相关基因大多数属于光周期和生物钟相关途径[32]。前人对陆地棉中光周期通路CO[33]、FT[34],赤霉素途径FPF1[35]、SPL3[36]和部分MADS-box[37−38]家族基因进行研究,说明研究开花通路相关基因具有重要意义。结合生物信息学分析的基因功能研究有助于更好地理解基因功能[39−40]。本研究将从陆地棉群体高密度遗传图谱[41]及数量性状基因座(QTL)定位[42]中发掘陆地棉中拟南芥TOC1(APRR1)的同源基因GhPRR9进行家族分析和功能验证,预测GhPRR9的结构及可能行使的功能,并对GhPRR9功能加以验证,为培育早熟棉提供一定的理论参考。
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在陆地棉全基因组中共鉴定到14个PRR亚基因家族成员,分别命名为GhPRR1~GhPRR14 (表1)。理化性质分析显示:PRR亚家族成员蛋白有552~775个氨基酸,相对分子量为60.76~85.30 kDa,平均等电点为6.77,酸性蛋白8个,碱性蛋白6个。亚细胞定位结果显示:有11个蛋白定位于细胞核中,2个定位于叶绿体,1个定位于内质网。
表 1 GhPRR亚家族蛋白理化性质
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of protein in GhPRR subfamily
蛋白名称 染色体位置 等电点 分子量/kDa 氨基酸/个 亚细胞定位 亲水性 GhPRR1 ChrA03 5.49 53.53 487 细胞核 −0.876 GhPRR2 ChrA05 7.32 76.62 696 细胞核 −0.725 GhPRR3 ChrA05 8.07 81.80 743 叶绿体 −0.738 GhPRR4 ChrA05 8.55 60.76 552 细胞核 −0.834 GhPRR5 ChrA09 6.33 73.66 669 内质网 −0.592 GhPRR6 ChrA11 6.53 68.72 625 细胞核 −0.565 GhPRR7 ChrA11 5.16 73.11 665 细胞核 −0.688 GhPRR8 ChrA11 6.84 82.54 750 细胞核 −0.689 GhPRR9 ChrD03 5.66 61.96 563 细胞核 −0.743 GhPRR10 ChrD09 7.11 85.30 775 叶绿体 −0.677 GhPRR11 ChrD11 7.56 70.20 638 细胞核 −0.692 GhPRR12 ChrD11 5.62 72.77 661 细胞核 −0.622 GhPRR13 ChrD11 7.91 76.08 691 细胞核 −0.68 GhPRR14 ChrD12 6.67 70.92 645 细胞核 −0.742 用TBtools绘制出染色体定位图(图1A),可观察到GhPRR家族基因保守分布在染色体两端,14个成员分布在8条染色体上,A亚族8个,D亚族6个,其中Chr A05、Chr A11、Chr D11染色体上分别拥有3个该家族的基因,其余染色体均为1个,表明GhPRR亚家族在陆地棉AD亚基因组上呈现不完全均匀分布。
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从水稻、拟南芥、玉米、草棉、可可、大豆、毛果杨中分别鉴定出5、6、9、9、24、35、49个PRR亚家族成员,与陆地棉GhPRR亚家族成员蛋白构建系统进化树(图1B)。聚类结果显示:陆地棉GhPRR亚家族进化关系最接近的物种是草棉和可可。不同物种中该基因家族成员的数量差异较为明显,也体现出PRR家族成员在不同物种中的多样性。
多重序列比对(图1C)显示:陆地棉GhPRR亚家族蛋白共有4处位点保守性较强,其中有2个高度保守的g位点,说明该家族拥有2段特征结构域(REC与CCT)。
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蛋白结构分析显示:14个蛋白均含有CCT结构域(图2A)。GhPRR6、GhPRR1、GhPRR2、GhPRR4、GhPRR8和GhPRR13含有REC超家族结构域(cl19078),其余成员含有psREC_PRR结构域(cd17852,属cl19078超家族),亚家族成员有一定的保守性,REC结构域主要功能为核酸识别,CCT结构域主要标志转录因子,以上2个结构的保守性显示了该家族成员的功能。
图 2 陆地棉GhPRR亚家族成员结构(A~D)及时空表达量(E~F)分析
Figure 2. Structure (A-D) and spatiotemporal expression (E-F) of GhPRR subfamily members in upland cotton
MEME分析共得到5个保守基序(图2B)。除GhPRR5外其余成员均含有Motif 2和Motif 5。GhPRR1仅有Motif 1,没有Motif 3和Motif 4,GhPRR4没有Motif 1、Motif 3和Motif 4,其余成员都拥有Motif 1、Motif 3和Motif 4。
基因结构(图2C)显示:该亚家族成员GhPRR1外显子最少(5个),GhPRR2最多(11个),其中,5个成员有8个外显子,3个成员有9个外显子,2个成员有7个外显子,2个成员有6个外显子。最长外显子在3′端较为保守,结构相似度和进化关系基本一致。
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使用Plant Care对陆地棉GhPRR亚家族成员上游2 000 bp顺式启动子元件进行分析(图2D)发现:主要存在三类顺式元件,一是生长发育响应元件,如光响应元件、生物钟控件;二是激素响应元件,如赤霉素、脱落酸等响应元件;三是非生物胁迫元件,如逆境、盐胁迫等响应元件。其中光响应元件最多(184个),其次为赤霉素响应元件(28个)。说明该亚家族成员主要参与光响应和赤霉素通路。
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利用公开的转录组数据对陆地棉GhPRR亚家族成员进行组织表达分析(图2E)发现:不同成员组织表达水平差异较大。其中茎叶和花药中表达量最高的是GhPRR4,最少的分别是GhPRR8、GhPRR3和GhPRR2。GhPRR13和GhPRR9在花丝、花苞、花萼中表达量较高,GhPRR2和GhPRR6最少。根中GhPRR13表达量最多,GhPRR7最少,雌蕊花托中GhPRR13表达量最高,GhPRR12和GhPRR2最少。GhPRR4、GhPRR11和GhPRR6可能主要作用于维管组织,GhPRR13和GhPRR9可能作用于花器官组织。
时间表达模式分析(图2F)显示:除GhPRR7、GhPRR12、GhPRR2、GhPRR3和GhPRR10外,GhPRR亚家族其他成员表达量均呈现开花前3 d至开花后1 d逐渐增加,开花后3~5 d逐渐降低的趋势,说明其可能集中在开花前和开花时发挥作用。GhPRR7主要作用在开花后5 d及之后,GhPRR12和GhPRR2可能较少参与开花过程。胚珠中GhPRR13表达量在第10天达到顶峰,说明它在胚珠发育前期可能发挥着一定的作用,GhPRR10、GhPRR5、GhPRR9、GhPRR18、GhPRR3、GhPRR4和GhPRR14也呈现相似的趋势,说明这些基因可能拥有类似的作用模式。纤维发育期间,GhPRR13、GhPRR10和GhPRR4表达量较高,说明这些基因可能参与纤维发育调控。时间模式上,GhPRR13在10~25 d纤维中表达量持续下降,而GhPRR10和GhPRR4则表现出持续上升的趋势,可知GhPRR10和GhPRR4可能参与纤维发育的后期调控,而GhPRR13则参与早期的纤维发育调控。丰富的时空表达说明陆地棉GhPRR家族成员广泛参与到开花前后、胚珠和纤维的发育过程中。
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使用Plant Care在线工具对该基因上游2 000 bp进行顺式启动子元件分析(表2),发现拟南芥AtTOC1的同源基因GhPRR9上存在着大量的光响应元件,说明光对该基因的转录有着重要的调控作用。除此之外,在GhPRR9基因的启动子区域还存在茉莉酸等激素响应元件,说明该基因可能参与激素相关通路的调节。
表 2 GhPRR9启动子顺式元件预测
Table 2. Cis-acting element prediction of GhPRR9 promoter
名称 起始位置/bp 所在链 功能 名称 起始位置/bp 所在链 功能 ARE 43 − 厌氧胁迫响应 TATA-box 635 − 核心元件 P-box 1 121 − 赤霉素响应 TATA-box 636 − 核心元件 G-box 167 + 光响应 Sp1 1 057 − 光响应 G-box 1 070 + 光响应 G-Box 1 009 − 光响应 A-box 882 − 顺式调节 ABRE 168 + 脱落酸响应 TCCC-motif 871 + 光响应 TGACG-motif 878 + 茉莉酸响应 CAAT-box 249 + 增强区域 TGACG-motif 1 991 − 茉莉酸响应 CAAT-box 354 + 增强区域 Box Ⅱ 1 007 − 光响应 AE-box 535 − 光响应 Box 4 419 + 光响应 GATA-motif 710 + 光响应 MRE 1 513 − 光响应MYB结合 ATCT-motif 1 343 − 光响应 CGTCA-motif 878 − 茉莉酸响应 TATA-box 634 − 核心元件 对陆地棉标准系‘TM-1’进行荧光定量分析(图3A)表明:GhPRR9在花丝、萼片、花托中表达量较高,叶片最低,表明GhPRR9可能更多参与陆地棉的生殖生长。
图 3 基因GhPRR9的时空表达量、亚细胞定位和启动子染色
Figure 3. Spatial and temporal expression of GhPRR9 gene, subcellular localization and promoter staining
对在人工光照条件下陆地棉三叶期标准系‘TM-1’顶芽隔4 h取样并进行荧光定量分析(图3B)表明:GhPRR9在光照开始后逐渐积累,并在中午达到顶峰,之后慢慢下降,在光周期内的表达呈现出一定的周期性。
进一步对GhPRR9早熟种‘中50’‘ZHONG 50’、‘中58’‘ZHONG 58’和晚熟种‘TM-1’、‘豫棉21号’‘YM21’的表达量分析发现:GhPRR9在早熟种中表达量显著高于晚熟种(图3C),说明GhPRR9和早熟性状呈正向相关。
将未转化的GFP质粒和35S::GhPRR9-GFP质粒分别转入农杆菌GV3101,并侵染烟草叶片组织,制作表皮切片置于激光共聚焦显微镜下发现:对照组分布于整个细胞中,而GFP融合蛋白荧光仅分布于细胞核(图3D)。
截取GhPRR9不同长度的启动子与携带GUS报告基因的质粒进行重组,分别转入农杆菌GV3101后通过沾花法侵染拟南芥,获得纯合转基因株系染色观察,结果显示上游500 bp启动子几乎没有表达(图3E),而上游2 000 bp的启动子着色程度最深,说明GhPRR9启动子上游500~2 000 bp内可能存在关键调控元件诱导基因的表达。
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将拟南芥GhPRR9过表达株系培养至抽薹,并观察表型性状(图4A)发现:过表达株系GhPRR9表达量比野生型明显提高(图4B),且转基因过表达株系连座叶数量明显减少(图4C),抽薹时间和开花提前(图4D和图4E),首花抽薹高度极显著矮于野生型(图4F,P<0.01),说明GhPRR9正向调控植物的早花性状。过表达GhPRR9能促进开花关键基因LFY与FT表达,表明GhPRR9也可能通过影响关键基因表达调控通路进而影响开花时间。
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对VIGS沉默株系进行表达量检测发现:沉默株系中,GhPDS株系出现白化表型(图5A),且GhPRR9的表达量极显著降低(图5B,P<0.01),表明GhPRR9基因成功得到了沉默。与对照株系相比,沉默株系现蕾时间延迟约3~4 d,开花时间延迟约2~5 d,表明沉默GhPRR9可推迟开花时间,反向证明其调节陆地棉早花的功能。
Functional analysis and validation of early flowering gene GhPRR9 in Gossypium hirsutum
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摘要:
目的 研究早花基因GhPRR9在陆地棉Gossypium hirsutum生长发育过程中的功能,为培养早熟棉品种提供理论依据。 方法 从全基因组筛选鉴定陆地棉GhPRR亚家族成员并研究其结构和表达特征;使用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)分析GhPRR9在不同品种、不同组织及1 d内的表达差异;在烟草Nicotiana tabacum叶片中采用瞬时转化法进行亚细胞定位;分段克隆GhPRR9基因启动子并构建β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(GUS)植株进行染色实验;构建拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana过表达株系,统计开花表型及相关基因表达量;进行病毒诱导沉默(VIGS)实验并观察开花时间差异。 结果 生物信息学分析显示:陆地棉GhPRR亚家族14个成员多数定位于细胞核,结构较为保守且主要在开花前的茎叶中集中表达。RT-qPCR分析显示:陆地棉GhPRR9表达量与品种早熟性呈正向相关,在花器官中更高,且在1 d内呈周期变化。烟草瞬时转化表明:陆地棉GhPRR9分布在细胞核。GUS染色结果显示:启动子上游500~2 000 bp内可能存在关键调控元件。拟南芥过表达株系可观察到早花。VIGS实验显示:基因沉默导致开花时间延迟。 结论 基因GhPRR9对陆地棉早花性状有正向调控作用,在一定程度上能促进陆地棉生长。图5表2参55 Abstract:Objective The objective is to study the function of early flowering gene GhPRR9 in the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), so as to provide theoretical basis for cultivating early maturing cotton varieties. Method Members of GhPRR subfamily were identified by genome-wide screening and the structure and expression characteristics were studied. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of GhPRR9 among different varieties, tissues and within a single day. Subcellular localization was performed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves by transient transformation method. The promoter of the gene was cloned and β-D-glucosidase (GUS) plants were constructed for staining experiment. The overexpression lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were constructed to analyze the flowering phenotype data and related gene expression. Virus induced silencing (VIGS) experiment was performed to observe the difference in flowering time. Result Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the 14 members of the GhPRR subfamily were located in the nucleus, with a relatively conserved structure and mainly expressed in stems and leaves before flowering. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the expression level of GhPRR9 was positively correlated with early maturity of varieties, higher in flower organs, and exhibited a periodic change within one day. Transient transformation of tobacco revealed that GhPRR9 was distributed in the nucleus. GUS staining suggested that there might be key regulatory elements in the promoter within 500−2 000 bp upstream. Early flowering was observed in A. thaliana overexpressed strains. VIGS experiment revealed that gene silencing led to delayed flowering. Conclusion Gene GhPRR9 has a positive regulatory effect on the early flowering of upland cotton and can promote its growth and development. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 55 ref.] -
Key words:
- Gossypium hirsutum /
- family analysis /
- GhPRR9 /
- functional verification /
- early blossoming
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表 1 GhPRR亚家族蛋白理化性质
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of protein in GhPRR subfamily
蛋白名称 染色体位置 等电点 分子量/kDa 氨基酸/个 亚细胞定位 亲水性 GhPRR1 ChrA03 5.49 53.53 487 细胞核 −0.876 GhPRR2 ChrA05 7.32 76.62 696 细胞核 −0.725 GhPRR3 ChrA05 8.07 81.80 743 叶绿体 −0.738 GhPRR4 ChrA05 8.55 60.76 552 细胞核 −0.834 GhPRR5 ChrA09 6.33 73.66 669 内质网 −0.592 GhPRR6 ChrA11 6.53 68.72 625 细胞核 −0.565 GhPRR7 ChrA11 5.16 73.11 665 细胞核 −0.688 GhPRR8 ChrA11 6.84 82.54 750 细胞核 −0.689 GhPRR9 ChrD03 5.66 61.96 563 细胞核 −0.743 GhPRR10 ChrD09 7.11 85.30 775 叶绿体 −0.677 GhPRR11 ChrD11 7.56 70.20 638 细胞核 −0.692 GhPRR12 ChrD11 5.62 72.77 661 细胞核 −0.622 GhPRR13 ChrD11 7.91 76.08 691 细胞核 −0.68 GhPRR14 ChrD12 6.67 70.92 645 细胞核 −0.742 表 2 GhPRR9启动子顺式元件预测
Table 2. Cis-acting element prediction of GhPRR9 promoter
名称 起始位置/bp 所在链 功能 名称 起始位置/bp 所在链 功能 ARE 43 − 厌氧胁迫响应 TATA-box 635 − 核心元件 P-box 1 121 − 赤霉素响应 TATA-box 636 − 核心元件 G-box 167 + 光响应 Sp1 1 057 − 光响应 G-box 1 070 + 光响应 G-Box 1 009 − 光响应 A-box 882 − 顺式调节 ABRE 168 + 脱落酸响应 TCCC-motif 871 + 光响应 TGACG-motif 878 + 茉莉酸响应 CAAT-box 249 + 增强区域 TGACG-motif 1 991 − 茉莉酸响应 CAAT-box 354 + 增强区域 Box Ⅱ 1 007 − 光响应 AE-box 535 − 光响应 Box 4 419 + 光响应 GATA-motif 710 + 光响应 MRE 1 513 − 光响应MYB结合 ATCT-motif 1 343 − 光响应 CGTCA-motif 878 − 茉莉酸响应 TATA-box 634 − 核心元件 -
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