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内生真菌是植物中广泛存在的一类真菌,自BACON等[1]发现了高羊茅Festuca arundinacea内生真菌与牛的中毒症状相关后,人们便对内生真菌与宿主的共生关系展开了深入的研究,特别是内生真菌能够提高共生植物抗逆能力这一现象受到研究者们的关注和重视。内生真菌与宿主在长期共处中可形成互利共生关系,除直接或诱导植物抗病虫害外,可通过影响宿主植物体内的物质代谢、产生生理活性的物质(如生长素、赤霉素以及其他活性物质),进而改变植株的生理特性、提高植株的抗逆性和刺激植株生长[2-4]。盐胁迫可使植物吸水困难而造成生理性干旱,引起一系列生长及生理过程的紊乱[5],如植株生长受到抑制,叶绿素降低,丙二醛升高,保护酶活性降低等,植株细胞膜遭到严重破坏,叶片黄化甚至死亡。尽管国槐Sophora japonica能忍受一定程度的盐胁迫,但在盐胁迫下,其生长必然受到抑制。因此,本研究通过盆栽试验,测定相同盐胁迫条件下不同内生真菌悬液灌根后,国槐幼苗生长和生理指标的差异,以此来探究不同内生真菌灌根对国槐苗适应盐胁迫的影响,从而了解内生真菌对植物抗盐胁迫的作用,为有效地利用内生真菌资源提供科学依据。
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菌株由本课题组病理实验室提供,于2014年8月分离自周公庙古国槐(1 700 a)的健康叶片。将内生真菌(表 1)按照H-1,H-2,H-3,H-4,H-5,H-6,H-7和H-8的顺序统一编号后,分别接种于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板培养基,26 ℃恒温培养箱扩繁培养7~10 d后,轻轻刮取菌丝、孢子,无菌水润洗数次后,通过BTH-329PE小型搅拌机搅拌打碎、震荡均匀,并按浓度梯度稀释,在显微镜下对菌丝片段计数,用无菌水调节使菌丝片段悬液浓度为5×103菌落形成单位·L-1,制成菌剂。
表 1 供试8株内生真菌
Table 1. 8 strains of endophytic fungi for experiment
菌种编号 菌种 H-1 哈茨木霉Trichoderma sp. H-2 离螺孢霉Bipolaris sp. H-3 丝核菌Rhizoctonia sp. H-4 黑附球菌Epicoccum sp. H-5 细链格抱霉Alternaria sp. H-6 曲霉菌Aspergillus sp. H-7 拟盘多毛抱Pestalotiopsis sp. H-8 鎌刀菌Fusarium sp. -
盆栽试验在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学南校区日光玻璃温室中进行。国槐种子采自杨凌,选取颗粒饱满均匀、具有光泽的国槐种子,75 ℃热水浸泡,自然冷却至室温后,置于27 ℃恒温培养箱培养3 d,进行催芽。
将采自杨凌的农耕土过2 mm筛后,V(农耕土): V(腐殖质土)=1 : 1,121 ℃高压灭菌2 h,混合土有机质质量分数为80.12 g·kg-1,全氮3.55 g·kg-1,速效磷166.53 mg·kg-1,速效钾541.41 mg·kg-1。将催芽露白一致的国槐种子播种于盛有等体积混合土的塑料花盆中(花盆尺寸为直径18 cm,高10 cm),待幼苗生长30 d开始间苗,保留壮苗1株·盆-1。
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2015年4月24日,选择长势良好,苗高基本一致的国槐苗,并记录初始高度(mm)后,浇灌25 mL·盆-1预先配制的菌株悬液,处理设重复10个·菌株-1,以浇灌等量的无菌水为对照(ck)。5月4日进行第2次灌根处理。
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盐胁迫试验从2015年5月8日至6月1日共持续24 d,期间隔3~4 d,各个处理同时浇灌200 mmol·L-1氯化钠溶液100 mL。
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6月2日,记录国槐苗高(mm),并将幼苗自地径处剪断,根部用蒸馏水洗净,滤纸吸干表面水分,称量地上部和根鲜质量(g),然后分别在105 ℃下杀青1 h,70 ℃烘干至恒量,测定地上部干质量(g)和根干质量(g),计算国槐鲜质量含水量(%)和根冠比。计算公式:苗高增长量=处理后苗高-处理前苗高,根冠比=根干质量/地上部干质量;鲜质量含水量(%)=[(Wf-Wd)/Wf]×100%,其中Wf为鲜质量(g),Wd为干质量(g)。
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分别采集国槐幼苗相同部位的幼嫩叶片,称取约0.1 g,液氮研磨后,转移至10 mL离心管中,体积分数为95%乙醇定容10 mL,离心8 min(4 000 r·min-1,4 ℃),取上清液测定叶绿素质量分数[6]。游离脯氨酸的测定采用磺基水杨酸提取法[7]。
制备粗酶液:称取鲜叶约0.3 g,pH 7.8的冷磷酸缓冲液研磨并冲洗,转移至离心管中,定容8 mL,离心15 min(10 000 r·min-1,4 ℃),取上清液即为粗酶液,4 ℃保存,并进行生理指标测定[7-9]:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)光还原法;过氧化物酶(POD)活性测定采用愈创木酚法;丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度测定采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法。
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运用Excel 2003和SPSS 22软件进行数据处理和统计分析,Duncan法进行多重比较,判断差异显著性。
Effect of endophytic fungi on growth and physiology of saline stressed Sophora japonica seedlings
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摘要: 以盆栽国槐Sophora japonica幼苗为试材,进行200 mmol·L-1氯化钠(NaCl)胁迫处理,采用菌液定量灌根法,通过测定国槐苗高增长量、根冠比、干质量,丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度,叶绿素、脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理指标,探讨8株优势内生真菌分别灌根对国槐幼苗生长及生理的影响。结果表明:200 mmol·L-1氯化钠胁迫下,每种菌株处理下的国槐幼苗生物量与生理变化趋势基本一致。菌株H-1,H-3,H-4和H-6灌根处理的国槐幼苗抗盐能力提高,其中,菌株H-3的促进作用最明显,幼苗高增长量、干质量、根冠比和鲜质量含水量显著高于对照(ck),分别为对照的148%,117%,121%和104%,生理指标丙二醛质量摩尔浓度和脯氨酸质量分数为对照的88%和151%,差异分别达到显著水平(P < 0.05);H-5处理的国槐幼苗抗盐能力降低,幼苗高增长量、干质量和根冠比显著低于对照,分别为对照的69%,83%和78%,生理指标脯氨酸质量分数和过氧化物酶活性为对照的81%和72%,差异分别达到显著水平(P < 0.05);其他菌株处理的国槐幼苗抗盐能力不明显。综合各项指标得出,H-1,H-3,H-4和H-6为促生能力优势菌,具有应用潜力。Abstract: To explore salt tolerance of Sophora japonica with functional endophytic fungi, eight strains of fungi (H-1 through H-8) were used to inoculate S. japonica seedlings along with 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress added by root-irrigation. Seedling height, root/shoot ratio, dry weight, water content, chlorophyll content, proline content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were detected. Results showed that with 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress, the changes of seedling biomass were basically the same as the tendency of physiological index varied. The H-1, H-3, H-4, and H-6 strains improved salt resistance of S. japonica seedlings. Strain H-3 was significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05) for seedling height (148%), dry weight (117%), root/shoot ratio (121%), and water content (104%). Compared to the control, MDA was 88% and Pro was 151%, the difference reached significant level (P < 0.05). Strain H-5 had the opposite affect with seedling height (69%), dry weight (83%), and root/shoot ratio (78%), which were all significantly lower than the control (P < 0.05); also proline was 81% and POD activity was 72% of the control, and the difference reached significant level (P < 0.05). Over all, H-1, H-3, H-4, and H-6, the dominant strains among the tested endophytes, would have great potential for application.
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Key words:
- botany /
- endophytic fungi /
- Sophora japonica /
- seedling growth /
- salt stress
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表 1 供试8株内生真菌
Table 1. 8 strains of endophytic fungi for experiment
菌种编号 菌种 H-1 哈茨木霉Trichoderma sp. H-2 离螺孢霉Bipolaris sp. H-3 丝核菌Rhizoctonia sp. H-4 黑附球菌Epicoccum sp. H-5 细链格抱霉Alternaria sp. H-6 曲霉菌Aspergillus sp. H-7 拟盘多毛抱Pestalotiopsis sp. H-8 鎌刀菌Fusarium sp. -
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链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.02.013