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石斛属Dendrobium为兰科Orchidaceae多年生草本附生植物,全世界有1 500 ~ 2 000种,广泛分布于亚洲热带、亚热带地区以及大洋洲[1-2]。在中国,石斛属植物主要分布于华南、西南和华东地区,常用的药用栽培石斛有30余种[3-4]。其中铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale作为药用价值较高的一种,因具有益胃生津、滋阴清热的功效,其新鲜或干燥茎被单列收载于2015版《中华人民共和国药典》中,以区别于其他药用石斛[5]。现代研究表明,铁皮石斛在提高免疫力,抗肿瘤,降血糖血压,抗疲劳,促消化,抗肝损伤等方面有显著功效[6-8]。近年来,铁皮石斛的人工繁育和培植技术取得了一系列的进展[9-10],并在云南、浙江、安徽、福建、广西、贵州等地开展了规范化人工大棚栽培和生态化的仿野生种植,其栽培品已成为与野生铁皮石斛药用成分指标相近的绝佳替代品。铁皮石斛常以茎入药,其主要功能成分为多糖、黄酮类、酚类、联苄类、菲类、氨基酸、矿质元素等[11-14]。其中多糖是铁皮石斛重要的功能活性物质,酚类和黄酮类化合物含量也被认为与自由基清除能力有显著相关性,具有抗氧化,抗肿瘤的药理活性[15-17]。随着铁皮石斛多样性产品的开发,铁皮石斛花因具有与茎相似的多糖、黄酮类、有机酸类和萜类等资源性成分和功效而逐渐被关注[18-20]。但相关研究多限于花中单一活性成分的提取或水提物的功能鉴定,对花中主要化学成分的积累及分布研究相对较少,使铁皮石斛花产品停留在初加工水平,造成了资源浪费。本研究通过对铁皮石斛花苞期、微开期及盛花期3个不同花期及盛花期花被、合蕊柱和子房3个不同花部位的多糖、总黄酮、总酚质量分数的研究,旨在探讨铁皮石斛花的活性成分组成,确定铁皮石斛花的最佳采收期及最佳采收部位,进一步优化铁皮石斛花产品的精加工工艺。
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铁皮石斛花苞期花为绿色,花瓣完全包裹在内(图 1A);微开期花瓣微张,向内倾斜(图 1B);盛花期花完全张开,花为黄色,花各部位清晰可见(图 1C)。铁皮石斛盛花期各部位解剖如图 1D所示,其雌蕊和雄蕊合生特化成合蕊柱,为兰科植物所特有的结构;花萼、花瓣及唇瓣统称为花被。
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如表 1和表 2所示:从花苞期到微开期再到完全开放的盛花期过程中,铁皮石斛花中多糖成分逐渐积累,其中盛花期多糖质量分数为61.5 mg·g-1,显著高于花苞期和微开期;微开期为55.3 mg·g-1,花苞期为45.6 mg·g-1,二者无显著差异。盛花期花不同部位多糖质量分数的测定结果显示:花被中多糖质量分数最高,为64.5 mg·g-1,合蕊柱次之为61.2 mg·g-1,二者无显著差异。子房与花被、合蕊柱的多糖质量分数具有显著差异(P<0.05),仅为52.3 mg·g-1。结果表明铁皮石斛花不同花期多糖质量分数为盛花期>微开期>花苞期;盛花期花不同部位多糖质量分数为花被>合蕊柱>子房。
表 1 不同花期铁皮石斛全花多糖、总黄酮及总酚质量分数
Table 1. Contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total phenols in entire flower of Dendrobium officinale at different flowering stages
花期 w多糖/(mg·g-1) w总黄酮/(mg·g-1) w总酚/(mg·g-1) 花苞期 45.6 ± 3.5 b 19.9 ± 0.9 a 18.5 ± 0.8 b 微开期 55.3 ± 5.3 b 17.4 ± 1.1 b 19.6 ± 0.9 b 盛花期 61.5 ± 2.4 a 19.2 ± 0.8 a 22.2 ± 0.7 a 说明:同列不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 盛花期铁皮石斛花不同部位多糖、总黄酮及总酚质量分数
Table 2. Contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total phenols in different parts of D. officinale flower at flourishing flowering stage
花部位 w多糖/(mg·g-1) w总黄酮/(mg·g-1) w总酚/(mg·g-1) 花被 64.5 ± 3.3 a 24.2 ± 0.6 a 26.5 ± 0.7 a 合蕊柱 61.2 ± 3.7 a 14.3 ± 0.6 b 19.2 ± 0.7 b 子房 52.3 ± 1.9 b 11.4 ± 0.5 c 13.9 ± 0.8 c 说明:同列不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著(P<0.05) -
如表 1和表 2所示:铁皮石斛不同花期总黄酮质量分数在花苞期最高,为19.9 mg·g-1,盛花期为19.2 mg·g-1,二者无显著差异;微开期最低,为17.4 mg·g-1,与花苞期和盛花期存在显著差异(P<0.05)。盛花期铁皮石斛花被中总黄酮质量分数最高(24.2 mg·g-1),其次是合蕊柱,为14.3 mg·g-1,子房最低,为11.4 mg·g-1。因此铁皮石斛花不同花期总黄酮质量分数为花苞期>盛花期>微开期。盛花期花不同部位总黄酮质量分数为花被>合蕊柱>子房,三者差异显著。
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铁皮石斛花中酚类物质质量分数随花的逐渐开放而积累,盛花期花中总酚质量分数达到最大值为22.2 mg·g-1,显著高于微开期和花苞期;微开期为19.6 mg·g-1,花苞期最低,为18.5 mg·g-1(表 1)。盛花期铁皮石斛花不同部位总酚质量分数存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中花被最高,为26.5 mg·g-1,合蕊柱次之,子房最低,总酚质量分数分别是19.2和13.9 mg·g-1(表 2)。结果表明铁皮石斛花不同花期总酚质量分数为盛花期>微开期>花苞期;盛花期花不同部位总酚质量分数为花被>合蕊柱>子房。
Active components of flowers in different flowering stages and floral structures of Dendrobium officinalei
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摘要: 铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinalei花中含有丰富的活性成分,具有重要的开发价值,其中花的采收期和采收部位是影响铁皮石斛花类产品质量的关键因素。以铁皮石斛花苞期、微开期、盛花期全花以及盛花期花的花被、合蕊柱、子房的烘干样品为实验材料,采用苯酚-硫酸法、亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠法及福林酚法,探讨了不同花期铁皮石斛花及盛花期花朵不同部位多糖、总黄酮及总酚质量分数的差异,进而确定了铁皮石斛花的最佳采收期和最佳采收部位。结果表明:①不同花期中盛花期铁皮石斛花中多糖质量分数(61.5 mg·g-1)与微开期(55.3 mg·g-1)及花苞期(45.6 mg·g-1)花中多糖质量分数具有显著差异(P < 0.05);微开期花中总黄酮质量分数(17.4 mg·g-1)显著低于花苞期(19.9 mg·g-1)和盛花期(19.2 mg·g-1)(P < 0.05);盛花期花中总酚质量分数(22.2 mg·g-1)显著高于微开期(19.6 mg·g-1)及花苞期(18.5 mg·g-1)(P < 0.05)。②整体而言,盛花期不同部位中花被相应活性组分即多糖、总黄酮、总酚质量分数显著高于合蕊柱及子房,分别为64.5,24.2及26.5 mg·g-1(P < 0.05)。因此从活性组分质量分数方面考虑,盛花期可作为铁皮石斛花采收的最佳时期,花被是最有开发与利用价值的部位。Abstract: The flower of Dendrobium officinalei has important development value for its rich active ingredients. The harvest time and the harvest parts are the key factors that influence the quality of D. officinale flower products. The contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total phenols of dried materials at different flowering stages (bud stage, slightly flowering stage, and flourishing flowering stage) and different parts (perianth, gynostemium, and ovary of flower at flourishing flowering stage) were measured by the methods called phenol-sulfuric acid method, NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH method and Folin-Cioealteau method, and the optimum harvest time and the best harvest parts of D. officinale flower were determined. Results showed that (1) For the different flowering stages, the polysaccharides content in the flourishing flowering stage (61.5 mg·g-1) differed significantly from those in the slightly flowering stage (55.3 mg·g-1) and the bud stage (45.6 mg·g-1) (P < 0.05). The content of total flavonoids in the slightly flowering stage (17.4 mg·g-1) was significantly lower than the bud stage (19.9 mg·g-1) and the flourishing flowering stage (19.2 mg·g-1) (P < 0.05). The content of total phenols in the flourishing flowering stage (22.2 mg·g-1) was significantly higher than the slightly flowering stage (19.6 mg·g-1) and the bud stage (18.5 mg·g-1) (P < 0.05). (2) On the whole, detection of active components in different floral structures at the flourishing flowering stage showed that the contents of polysaccharides (64.5 mg·g-1), total flavonoids (24.2 mg·g-1) and total phenols (26.5 mg·g-1) of perianth were significantly higher than those of gynostemium and ovary, respectively (P < 0.05). Consequently, in terms of contents of active components of the D. officinale flower, the flourishing flowering stage was considered as the best harvest time and the perianth was the most valuable part.
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Key words:
- Chinese herbology /
- Dendrobium officinalei /
- flowering stage /
- floral structure /
- active component
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表 1 不同花期铁皮石斛全花多糖、总黄酮及总酚质量分数
Table 1. Contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total phenols in entire flower of Dendrobium officinale at different flowering stages
花期 w多糖/(mg·g-1) w总黄酮/(mg·g-1) w总酚/(mg·g-1) 花苞期 45.6 ± 3.5 b 19.9 ± 0.9 a 18.5 ± 0.8 b 微开期 55.3 ± 5.3 b 17.4 ± 1.1 b 19.6 ± 0.9 b 盛花期 61.5 ± 2.4 a 19.2 ± 0.8 a 22.2 ± 0.7 a 说明:同列不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 盛花期铁皮石斛花不同部位多糖、总黄酮及总酚质量分数
Table 2. Contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total phenols in different parts of D. officinale flower at flourishing flowering stage
花部位 w多糖/(mg·g-1) w总黄酮/(mg·g-1) w总酚/(mg·g-1) 花被 64.5 ± 3.3 a 24.2 ± 0.6 a 26.5 ± 0.7 a 合蕊柱 61.2 ± 3.7 a 14.3 ± 0.6 b 19.2 ± 0.7 b 子房 52.3 ± 1.9 b 11.4 ± 0.5 c 13.9 ± 0.8 c 说明:同列不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著(P<0.05) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.01.025