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在亚热带低山丘陵森林植被退化地区,芒萁Dicranopteris dichotoma和五节芒Miscanthus floridulus等[1-2]以极强的扩散定居能力率先成为草本层的绝对优势种,形成单优草本层片[3]。芒萁是里白科Gleicheniaceae芒萁属Dicranopteris多年生常绿蕨类植物。野外调查发现,芒萁自然生长于杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata,马尾松Pinus massoniana和毛竹Phyllostachys edulis单优群落下层、杨梅Myrica rubra,茶园和林缘的土壤深厚肥沃立地上,也可生长于土层瘠薄全光地段和水土流失严重的红壤侵蚀区[4],适应于从暖性针叶群落下层遮光到全光、从植被退化后土壤资源剩余到资源流失等多种生境[5],被认为是亚热带森林退化植被的“标志种”[6]。光强和氮素是影响植物光合生理过程的重要生态因子,植物通过形态结构可塑和生理可塑响应光强和氮素的变化[7]。蔡建国等[8]发现:为适应全光照条件,绣球Hydrangea macrophylla var. macrophylla可通过提高叶片吸收光能向热耗散等PSⅡ调节性能量耗散途径的分配,削弱反应中心过量激发能的积累。万宏伟等[9]在羊草Leymus chinensis等的栽培土壤中添加氮素,发现植物叶绿素相对含量增加,光合作用能力提高。活地被物层优势种过度发育繁茂,会形成“生态筛(ecological filter)”[10-11]效应,即对林下植物多样性产生“过滤”,造成活地被物的植物物种多样性下降[12],并阻碍乔木树种种子更新[13-14],导致森林植被进展演替受阻。在此背景下,芒萁单优层片形成的原因成为有趣的生态问题。芒萁为强耐荫且具有一定喜光特性的多年生草本植物[5, 15],本项研究以盆栽芒萁为材料,从光强变化和氮素添加角度出发,模拟暖性针叶单优群落下层遮荫与土壤较为肥沃、灌草丛全光与土壤贫瘠等不同生境斑块下芒萁光合生理可塑性变化的规律,揭示芒萁对光强和氮素添加的光合生理响应特征,为亚热带低山丘陵区芒萁单优草本层片的调控、促进森林植被的进展演替提供理论依据。
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不同光强和氮素处理,盆栽芒萁最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(PLS)、光补偿点(PLC)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)及表观量子效率(AQY)变化规律表现不一(表 1)。未施氮组中,盆栽芒萁Pnmax和PLS随光强增加先升后降,且均在L2光强下出现最大值;PLC和Rd随光强增加呈“N”字形变化;PLC,Rd和AQY在L2光强时出现最小值。施氮和未施氮,L1和L2光强下Pnmax均显著高于L3(P<0.05),但L3和对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。施氮组与未施氮组相比,所有光强下盆栽芒萁的Pnmax均有所提高,且L1和L2下盆栽芒萁PLS上升,L3下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05);L1下盆栽芒萁的PLC,Rd及AQY均降低,L2下均上升,L3下无统一变化规律。
表 1 不同光强与施氮处理盆栽芒萁光合特征参数的变化
Table 1. Changes in photosynthetic characteristics of potted D. dichotoma under different light intensityies and nitrogen applications
处理 Pnmax/(μmol·m-2·s-1) PLS/(μmol·m-2·s-1) PLC/(μmol·m-2·s-1) Rd/(μmol·m-2·s-1) AQY/(mmol·mol-1) N0 L1 10.24 ± 0.32 a 1 158.06 ± 0.72 a 19.14 ± 0.78 a 1.21 ± 0.04 a 0.068 ± 0.00 a L2 10.52 ± 0.24 a 1 233.66 ± 20.01 a 5.39 ± 0.30 d 0.30 ± 0.00 c 0.057 ± 0.00 a L3 6.27 ± 0.41 b 1 174.26 ± 9.29 a 8.25 ± 0.77 cd 0.42 ± 0.08 c 0.058 ± 0.00 a ck 7.47 ± 0.23 b 1 008.87 ± 40.05 b 16.87 ± 0.96 ab 1.06 ± 0.04 a 0.069 ± 0.00 a N1 L1 12.03 ± 0.54 a 1 172.00 ± 14.65 a 13.29 ± 0.66 abc 0.84 ± 0.05 ab 0.067 ± 0.00 a L2 11.23 ± 0.25 a 1 255.00 ± 9.77 a 11.24 ± 1.18 bcd 0.62 ± 0.07 bc 0.058 ± 0.00 a L3 6.43 ± 0.29 b 1 158.22 ± 15.96 a 11.68 ± 1.27 bcd 0.45 ± 0.04 bc 0.038 ± 0.00 b ANOVA L *** ** ** *** * N ns ns ns ns ns L×N ns ns * * ns 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001,ns表示不显著。同列不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 双因素方差分析表明(表 1):氮素对盆栽芒萁光合特征参数均影响不显著(P>0.05),光强对芒萁光合特征参数均影响显著(P<0.05),光强和氮素对盆栽芒萁光补偿点和暗呼吸速率具有显著性交互影响(P<0.05),对其他光合特征参数交互作用不显著。
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随着光合有效辐射的增加,盆栽芒萁Pn总体呈增加趋势。L1和L2光强下,施氮组盆栽芒萁Pn在光合有效辐射为1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1时,未施氮组在1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1时达到最大,随后下降(图 1A),L3下则未出现下降趋势。未施氮组盆栽芒萁Pn变化顺序为L2>L1>对照>L3,施氮组为L1>L2>L3。随光合有效辐射增加,芒萁Tr总体呈上升趋势;与未施氮相比,施氮组L2和L3光强下盆栽芒萁Tr降低。未施氮组盆栽芒萁Tr大小顺序为L2>L1>对照>L3,施氮组为L1>L2>L3(图 1B)。随光合有效辐射增加,盆栽芒萁Ci总体呈降低趋势,与未施氮相比,施氮组L1和L2光强下盆栽芒萁Ci升高。未施氮组盆栽芒萁Ci大小变化顺序为对照>L1>L2>L3,施氮组为L1>L2>L3(图 1C)。盆栽芒萁Gs随光合有效辐射的增加变化较为复杂(图 1D),L3光强下,盆栽芒萁Gs在光合有效辐射为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时达到最大,随后下降;未施氮组Gs大小变化为L1>对照>L3>L2;施氮组为L1>L2>L3。3种光强下,未施氮组盆栽芒萁Gs均高于施氮组。
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随光强降低,未施氮组盆栽芒萁叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数均增加(图 2),L2和L3光强下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数均显著高于L1和对照(P<0.05)。叶绿素a/b随光强降低先升后降,且差异显著(P<0.05)。L1光强下,施氮组盆栽芒萁叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数均显著高于未施氮组(P<0.05),但L2和L3条件下,施氮组低于未施氮组。施氮组盆栽芒萁叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数及叶绿素a/b大小顺序均为L1>L3>L2,且差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
图 2 不同透光率和氮素处理后盆栽芒萁叶片色素质量分数变化
Figure 2. Pigment content of potted D. dichotoma under different light intensities and nitrogen treatments
双因素方差分析结果表明(表 2):光强、氮素及光强×氮素处理对芒萁叶绿素a,叶绿素b,总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素质量分数的影响均达显著水平(P<0.05)。
表 2 透光率和氮素对盆栽芒萁叶片色素相对含量的效应分析
Table 2. Effect of different light intensity (L), nitrogen (N) and light × nitrogen (L × N) on the pigment content of potted D. dichotoma
处理 叶绿素a 叶绿素b 总叶绿素 类胡萝卜素 光强 25.7*** 24.2*** 25.3*** 24.0*** 氮素 46.5*** 38.6*** 44.6*** 42.2*** 光强×氮素 94.0*** 90.2*** 93.3*** 89.5*** 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001 -
由表 3可知:与未施氮组相比,施氮组3种光强下盆栽芒萁Fo均显著降低(P<0.05);L1和L3的Fm,L3的Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo及Piabs降低;L2的Fm,L1和L2的Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo和Piabs升高。未施氮组盆栽芒萁Fo,Fm,Fv/Fm及Fv/Fo的大小顺序表现均为对照<L1<L2<L3,Piabs表现为对照>L3>L2>L1;施氮组盆栽芒萁Fo和Fm表现为L2>L3>L1;Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo和Piabs表现为L2>L1>L3。
表 3 不同透光率与施氮处理后盆栽芒萁叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化
Table 3. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted D. dichotoma with different light intensity and nitrogen application
处理 Fo Fm Fv/Fm Fv/Fo Piabs N0 L1 4 041.3 ± 50.2 bc 12 865.7 ± 105.9 bc 0.69 ± 0.00 ab 2.18 ± 0.06 bc 0.90 ± 0.03 c L2 4 244.3 ± 53.4 b 13 575.3 ± 389.2 b 0.69 ± 0.01 ab 2.20 ± 0.10 bc 0.93 ± 0.07 bc L3 4 845.3 ± 202.1 a 16 377.7 ± 340.1 a 0.70 ± 0.00 ab 2.37 ± 0.09 abc 1.00 ± 0.08 bc ck 2 059.7 ± 136.9 e 6 233.7 ± 554.3 d 0.67 ± 0.00 b 2.02 ± 0.08 c 1.22 ± 0.06 ab N1 L1 3 087.3 ± 77.5 d 11 056.3 ± 401.8 c 0.72 ± 0.00 a 2.58 ± 0.08 ab 1.22 ± 0.05 ab L2 3 795.0 ± 36.8 c 14 253.7 ± 340.2 b 0.73 ± 0.00 a 2.76 ± 0.11 a 1.31 ± 0.08 a L3 3 709.0 ± 75.4 c 11 423.0 ± 1071.4 c 0.67 ± 0.04 b 2.09 ± 033 bc 0.88 ± 0.19 c ANOVA L *** *** ns ns ns N *** ** ns ns * L×N * ** * * * 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001,ns表示不显著。同列不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 双因素方差分析结果表明(表 3):光强、氮素及光强×氮素均显著影响了盆栽芒萁的初始荧光和最大荧光(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ最大光化学效率影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05),光强对吸收光能的性能指数无显著影响(P>0.05),氮素及光强×氮素则对其影响显著(P<0.05)。
Light response and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Dicranopteris dichotoma with light intensity and nitrogen treatments
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摘要: 以亚热带森林退化植被"标志种"之一的芒萁Dicranopteris dichotoma为研究材料,采取盆栽控制实验,设置不同光强[透光率35.96%(L1)、13.00%(L2)和4.75%(L3)]和氮素水平[施氮(N1)和不施氮(N0)],探究盆栽芒萁对光强和氮素的光响应,分析叶绿素荧光参数变化。结果表明:光强对光响应特征参数有显著影响(P < 0.05)。未施氮组,L2处理下盆栽芒萁最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(PLS)最大,光补偿点(PLC)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和表观量子效率(AQY)最小;施氮提高了3种光强下盆栽芒萁的Pnmax,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。未施氮组,净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)大小变化顺序为L2 > L1 >对照> L3,气孔导度(GS)为L1 >对照>L3 > L2,施氮组均为L1 > L2 > L3;2种氮素水平下,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)大小顺序均为对照> L1 > L2 > L3。未施氮组,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素随光强减弱而增加,叶绿素a/b随光强减弱而降低,且差异显著(P < 0.05)。L1光强下光合色素质量分数施氮组显著高于未施氮组(P < 0.05),其他光强下施氮组均降低。未施氮组盆栽芒萁叶绿素荧光参数随光强增加而下降;施氮组盆栽芒萁的初始荧光(F0)显著低于同等光强未施氮组,最大荧光(Fm)L1和L3光强低于未施氮组,L2则高于未施氮组;PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)和以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(Piabs)L1和L2光强高于未施氮组,但差异不显著。由此认为:施氮一定程度上提高各光强盆栽芒萁的净光合速率,有利于缓解强光光抑制作用,但不利于L2和L3光强下光合色素的提高。Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the photo-response and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma for different light intensities and nitrogen application. Using one of the "marker species" of degraded vegetation in subtropical forests as the research material. Pot experiment were conducted to design with six treatments of different light intensities, including transmittance 35.96% (L1), 13.00% (L2) and 4.75% (L3), and nitrogen level, including nitrogen (N1) and without nitrogen (N0). All-light was used as control. The photosynthetic-light curve, photosynthetic characteristic parameters, gas-exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments were measured three times for each treatment. Results showed that:(1) Without nitrogen application, for L2, Pnmax and PLS were highest; PLC, Rd, and AQY were least. (2) For N0 application, the order of Pn and AQY was L2 > L1 > ck > L3, Gs was L1 > ck>L3 > L2; for N1 application the order of Pn, AQY and Gs was L1 > L2 > L3. For N1 and N0, the order of Ci was ck > L1 > L2 > L3. (3) For N0, under L2 and L3 light intensity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids were significantly higher than those under L1 and ck(P < 0.05), and the overall performance increased with the decrease of light intensity. Chlorophyll a/b significantly decreased with a decrease in light intensity (P < 0.05). For the same light intensity, the content of photosynthetic pigments in the N application group was significantly higher than that in the non-N application group under L1 light intensity(P < 0.05), and significantly higher than that in other treatments(P < 0.05). (4) Except for L1 in N0 group, Fo and Fm under other light intensities were significantly different and increased with the decrease of light intensity(P < 0.05), the Fv/Fm of ck was significantly lower than that of other light intensities(P < 0.05). Compared with the N0 group, Fo decreased significantly, Fm of L3 decreased significantly, Fv/Fo and Piabs of L2 increased significantly(P < 0.05). In a word, under full light, the photos-inhibition of potted D. dichotoma is the most serious. N can improved the net photosynthetic rate of potted D. dichotoma to a certain extent, increased heat dissipation and alleviated the photo-inhibition, but it is not conducive to the improvement of photosynthetic pigments of L2 and L3.
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表 1 不同光强与施氮处理盆栽芒萁光合特征参数的变化
Table 1. Changes in photosynthetic characteristics of potted D. dichotoma under different light intensityies and nitrogen applications
处理 Pnmax/(μmol·m-2·s-1) PLS/(μmol·m-2·s-1) PLC/(μmol·m-2·s-1) Rd/(μmol·m-2·s-1) AQY/(mmol·mol-1) N0 L1 10.24 ± 0.32 a 1 158.06 ± 0.72 a 19.14 ± 0.78 a 1.21 ± 0.04 a 0.068 ± 0.00 a L2 10.52 ± 0.24 a 1 233.66 ± 20.01 a 5.39 ± 0.30 d 0.30 ± 0.00 c 0.057 ± 0.00 a L3 6.27 ± 0.41 b 1 174.26 ± 9.29 a 8.25 ± 0.77 cd 0.42 ± 0.08 c 0.058 ± 0.00 a ck 7.47 ± 0.23 b 1 008.87 ± 40.05 b 16.87 ± 0.96 ab 1.06 ± 0.04 a 0.069 ± 0.00 a N1 L1 12.03 ± 0.54 a 1 172.00 ± 14.65 a 13.29 ± 0.66 abc 0.84 ± 0.05 ab 0.067 ± 0.00 a L2 11.23 ± 0.25 a 1 255.00 ± 9.77 a 11.24 ± 1.18 bcd 0.62 ± 0.07 bc 0.058 ± 0.00 a L3 6.43 ± 0.29 b 1 158.22 ± 15.96 a 11.68 ± 1.27 bcd 0.45 ± 0.04 bc 0.038 ± 0.00 b ANOVA L *** ** ** *** * N ns ns ns ns ns L×N ns ns * * ns 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001,ns表示不显著。同列不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 透光率和氮素对盆栽芒萁叶片色素相对含量的效应分析
Table 2. Effect of different light intensity (L), nitrogen (N) and light × nitrogen (L × N) on the pigment content of potted D. dichotoma
处理 叶绿素a 叶绿素b 总叶绿素 类胡萝卜素 光强 25.7*** 24.2*** 25.3*** 24.0*** 氮素 46.5*** 38.6*** 44.6*** 42.2*** 光强×氮素 94.0*** 90.2*** 93.3*** 89.5*** 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001 表 3 不同透光率与施氮处理后盆栽芒萁叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化
Table 3. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted D. dichotoma with different light intensity and nitrogen application
处理 Fo Fm Fv/Fm Fv/Fo Piabs N0 L1 4 041.3 ± 50.2 bc 12 865.7 ± 105.9 bc 0.69 ± 0.00 ab 2.18 ± 0.06 bc 0.90 ± 0.03 c L2 4 244.3 ± 53.4 b 13 575.3 ± 389.2 b 0.69 ± 0.01 ab 2.20 ± 0.10 bc 0.93 ± 0.07 bc L3 4 845.3 ± 202.1 a 16 377.7 ± 340.1 a 0.70 ± 0.00 ab 2.37 ± 0.09 abc 1.00 ± 0.08 bc ck 2 059.7 ± 136.9 e 6 233.7 ± 554.3 d 0.67 ± 0.00 b 2.02 ± 0.08 c 1.22 ± 0.06 ab N1 L1 3 087.3 ± 77.5 d 11 056.3 ± 401.8 c 0.72 ± 0.00 a 2.58 ± 0.08 ab 1.22 ± 0.05 ab L2 3 795.0 ± 36.8 c 14 253.7 ± 340.2 b 0.73 ± 0.00 a 2.76 ± 0.11 a 1.31 ± 0.08 a L3 3 709.0 ± 75.4 c 11 423.0 ± 1071.4 c 0.67 ± 0.04 b 2.09 ± 033 bc 0.88 ± 0.19 c ANOVA L *** *** ns ns ns N *** ** ns ns * L×N * ** * * * 说明:*、**和***分别表示P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.001,ns表示不显著。同列不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.06.018