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氧化亚氮(N2O)作为增温潜势极大的温室气体,对全球变化有着重要的影响,探究其源、汇关系意义十分重大。然而土壤N2O的源、汇具有很强的时空异质性,导致难以制定精准的N2O减排策略[1]。总的来看,土壤中N2O产生和排放过程复杂多样。目前,大多数研究认为羟胺氧化、硝化细菌反硝化和反硝化过程是N2O产生的三大主要途径[2-3],而关于N2O还原过程的认识也还存在较大争论,其中反硝化被认为是N2O还原的主导途径[3]。为了量化上述N2O过程,有针对性地提出N2O减排策略,同位素分析技术在N2O溯源方面提供了重要支撑。同位素自然丰度法中的同位素异位体法,是一种非侵入性方法,因其不受底物同位素影响[4-5],N2O同位素特征值δ15Nsp可被用作指示多种微生物产生N2O的作用过程[6-7]。N2O的其他同位素特征值,δ15Nbulk和δ18O也被用于指示N2O产生的微生物作用途径,但会受到N2O前体物[铵离子(NH4 +),硝酸根离子(NO3 −)和水(H2O)等]的同位素组成的影响[6, 8-9]。已有很多学者探索利用同位素特征值来准确分析N2O产生的微生物过程,综合研究δ15Nbulk、δ18O、δ15Nsp对揭示N2O产生机制更有重要的意义。而在N2O产生与排放过程中,不同功能微生物过程同位素分馏效应的差异构成了稳定同位素自然丰度技术分析微生物过程的基础[10],因此,同位素分馏是稳定同位素自然丰度技术应用的理论基础,在研究中的作用不可忽视。本研究梳理了土壤N2O产生和排放过程中氮同位素分馏的效应;阐述了环境因子及微生物对土壤N2O产生和排放过程的同位素分馏效应影响;总结了稳定同位素自然丰度技术在土壤N2O源解析中的应用及进展。
Stable isotope natural abundance techniques in the studies on nitrous oxide production and emission processes: a review
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摘要: 氧化亚氮(N2O)是主要的温室气体之一,并且对平流层臭氧层分解起到重要作用。土壤中N2O的产生和排放过程复杂多样,对其进行精准溯源与过程区分有助于制定减排策略。稳定同位素自然丰度技术利用N2O的同位素值δ15Nbulk(N2O中15N在整体水平上的同位素特征值)、δ18O(N2O中18O在整体水平上的同位素特征值)以及δ15Nsp(N2O分子内15N的位点特异性同位素值),可以示踪N2O来源、指示N2O产生的微生物作用途径,在N2O转化过程溯源中已取得重要进展。而同位素分馏效应是稳定同位素自然丰度技术应用的理论基础,其中微生物过程及其导致的同位素分馏是需要重点关注的问题。本研究概述了同位素分馏效应在N2O的产生、排放过程中的研究进展及其主要影响因素,梳理了同位素特征值δ15Nbulk、δ18O和δ15Nsp在分析N2O来源的研究进展,并且提出了影响准确区分过程的因素。因素包括单一产生路径的同位素特征值范围广、不同产生路径的同位素特征值范围的重叠、反应底物同位素组成的变化以及与N2O还原相关的分馏因子的可变性等问题。明确了今后需加强δ15Nsp等N2O同位素特征值分馏效应的测定,利用组合同位素特征值及先进手段进行全面的N2O溯源研究。图2参80Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases and also plays an important role in ozone layer decomposition. N2O production and emission processes in soil are complexed. Therefore, accurate source partitioning will help to constrain emission budgets. The application of stable isotope natural abundance technique have stimulated significant progress in N2O source partitioning and promoted identification in various N2O microbial production processes, which make use of various N2O isotope signatures δ15Nbulk(the average of15N), δ18O(the average of 18O) and δ15Nsp(site preference of 15N in different positions of N2O molecule). However, some factors also add uncertainties to N2O source partitioning, such as the range of isotope signatures, changes of isotope composition, and various fractionation factors associated with N2O reduction. It is also noteworthy that microbial processes and related isotopic effects are critical. In this review, the isotopic effects during N2O production and reduction and related factors are summarized; advances in approaches for N2O source-partitioning are concluded, including isotope natural abundance and isotopomer methods. The review focused on the progress of isotopic signatures δ15Nbulk, δ18O and δ15Nsp value in constraing N2O sources. In the future, the measurement of isotope fractionation, a combination of isotope signatures and advanced methodologies are advised for better studying N2O sources and pathways. [Ch, 2 fig. 80 ref.]
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