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氧化亚氮(N2O)是三大温室气体之一,在100 a尺度下,其增温潜势是二氧化碳(CO2)的298倍[1],同时,N2O还会破坏大气臭氧层[2]。有研究显示:现在大气中N2O浓度与工业革命前相比提高了20%,且仍以每年0.25%的速率在增加[3]。农田土壤是大气N2O的主要来源之一,人为排放的N2O约42%来自农业土壤[4]。其中,稻田土壤N2O排放量约占农田总排放量的22%,是大气N2O的一个重要排放源[5]。因此,减少稻田土壤中N2O的排放对保护环境及缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。
硝化作用是全球氮循环的关键过程,是土壤N2O产生的主要途径之一[6]。氨氧化是硝化作用的第1步,也是其限速步骤,主要由氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)参与完成[7]。有研究表明:AOA在酸性、低NH4 + 含量的土壤中对硝化作用起主要作用,而AOB在中性和碱性土壤中起主导作用[7]。施用氮肥会促进氨氧化微生物的增长,从而增加N2O的排放[8]。因此,抑制氨氧化微生物的丰度和活性,可以降低土壤硝态氮的累积速率,抑制硝化作用,减少N2O排放[9]。硝化抑制剂是人们为了减少氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率而开发的一类化学或天然生物制剂;它对硝化细菌具有一定的毒性,可以抑制某些硝化细菌的丰度和活性,抑制土壤硝化作用的发生强度[10]。2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(CP)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)是2种农业生产上常用的硝化抑制剂,具有少量高效、作用时间长、对环境友好等优点[11]。杨秀霞等[12]通过大田试验表明:氮肥配施CP不仅可以增加水稻Oryza sativa产量17.6%~26.5%,还可以显著提高水稻对氮肥的吸收利用水平。在田间微区试验中,施用CP可以减少氮素损失21.7%~28.1%[13]。李杰等[5]通过室内培养实验发现:DMPP可以有效抑制AOB生长,减少水稻土中N2O排放。硝化抑制剂的抑制效果与土壤pH、有机质、含水量等环境因素有着密切的关系[14]。MENÉNDEZ等[15]研究发现:土壤含水量和温度是影响硝化抑制剂效果的关键因子,在低温潮湿的环境中DMPP可以更有效地减少N2O排放。PUTTANA等[16]研究表明:硝化抑制剂的抑制效率随着土壤pH的升高而逐渐降低。
目前,前人的研究多是关注硝化抑制剂在旱地土壤上的作用效果[17],也有学者研究硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮转化的影响[18]。但对于DMPP和CP这 2种硝化抑制剂在稻田土上的应用效果,尤其是对N2O排放影响的相关研究较少。因此,本研究以浙江省诸暨地区稻田土为对象,使用DMPP和CP进行室内培养试验,比较不同硝化抑制剂对稻田土硝化作用的抑制效果,以及其对N2O排放和氨氧化微生物的影响,以期为硝化抑制剂在稻田土上的应用提供科学依据。
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供试稻田土采自浙江省诸暨市暨南街道(29°43′N,120°14′E),采集自0~20 cm耕层土壤,剔除杂物及残留根系,风干后过2 mm筛备用。土壤的基本理化性质如下:pH 7.17,有机质27.49 g·kg−1,全氮1.59 g·kg−1,碱解氮306.18 mg·kg−1,有效磷41.33 mg·kg−1,速效钾197.35 mg·kg−1。
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共设4个处理,分别为:①不添加尿素和硝化抑制剂(ck,空白对照);②尿素[添加量为氮(N) 200 mg·kg−1,U];③尿素+CP (添加量为氮量的2%,CP);④尿素+DMPP (添加量为氮量的1%,DMPP)。称取20 g风干土置入100 mL玻璃瓶中,将土壤含水量调节至田间持水量的40%,在25 ℃培养箱中预培养5 d,以激活微生物。预培养后,按要求加入相应的蒸馏水、尿素和(或)硝化抑制剂,同时将土壤含水量调至田间持水量的60%,将4个处理组随机分布在25 ℃的恒温培养箱中。每隔1 d随机排序以减少温度的干扰。隔4 d补充1次水分,以保持土壤含水量恒定。在培养开始后的0、7、14、21 d进行破坏性取样,每个处理取3个重复样品,用于测定土壤pH、无机氮质量分数和氨氧化微生物丰度。
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土壤pH采用pH计进行测定(土水质量比为1.0∶2.5)。铵态氮(NH4 + -N)和硝态氮(NO3 − -N)测定:称取10 g土样,加入50 mL 2 mol·L−1 氯化钾溶液,然后用AA3型连续流动分析仪测定NH4 + -N和NO3 − -N质量分数。N2O采集与测定:在加入尿素的1、2、5、7、10、20、21 d采集气体样品,采样前,用真空泵将橡胶塞封闭玻璃瓶中的空气抽空,5 h后用10 mL针筒采集瓶内气体,然后用GS-2014气象色谱仪进行N2O分析。N2O排放速率(F,ng·kg−1·h−1)公式:$F=\mathrm{\rho }\times \mathrm{\Delta }{C}/\mathrm{\Delta }{t}\times 273.15/ (273.15+T)\times V/m$。其中,ρ为标准状态下N2O的密度,为1.25 kg·m−3;ΔC/Δt为玻璃瓶内N2O浓度变化率(109·h−1);V为玻璃瓶上部有效空间体积(m3);T为环境气温(℃);m为土壤的干质量(kg)。土壤N2O累积排放量(M,μg·kg−1)公式:$M={ {F}}_{1}\times 24+\displaystyle \sum\limits _{i=2}^{n}\left({F}_{i}+{F}_{i-1}\right)/ 2\times \left({t}_{i}-{t}_{i-1}\right)\times 24$。其中,F为N2O排放速率(μg·kg−1·h−1);t为采样时间(d);i为采样次数;ti‒ti‒1为2次采样的间隔时间(d)。
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采用Fast DNA SPIN试剂盒(MP Biomedicals)提取土壤总DNA,具体操作步骤按照说明书进行。将提取的土壤总DNA分管保存于−20 ℃冰箱中备用。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)在CFX96 Optical Real-Time Detection System(Bio-Rad Laboratories)上进行检测。AOA和AOB的引物见表1。反应体系为20.0 μL:包括DNA模板2.0 μL,Green Premix Ex Taq 10 μL,正反引物各0.8 μL以及每管6.4 μL灭菌超纯水。AOA和AOB的反应条件均为:94 ℃下初始变性5 min,94 ℃下变性10 s,55 ℃变性15 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,40个循环。阴性对照采用灭菌超纯水作为模板。每个样品重复3次。根据扩增循环阈值(CT)、已知质粒浓度和阿伏伽德罗常数计算AOA、AOB amoA基因拷贝数。
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净硝化速率(n)的计算公式:$ n=({{n}_{1}-{n}_{2}})/{t} $。其中,t为培养天数,n1为土壤样品NO3 − -N初始质量分数,n2为培养第t天时土样NO3 −-N质量分数。
数据采用Excel 2007和Origin 2019b进行统计分析和作图,采用SPSS 13.0进行方差分析、显著性检验(0.05水平)及相关性分析。
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如图1A所示:在整个培养期间,ck处理的pH都呈下降的趋势。与ck相比,尿素的施用显著提高了土壤pH (P<0.05)。在0~7 d,U、CP和DMPP处理的pH均呈上升趋势,并在第7天达到最高。7 d后,U处理的pH快速下降直至培养结束;而DMPP与CP处理的pH在7 d后保持稳定。21 d时,DMPP与CP处理的pH分别为7.71和7.81,与U处理的pH 6.38相比,分别提高了20.8%和22.4%。
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由图1B可以看出:U处理的土壤NH4 + -N质量分数呈先上升后下降的趋势。在前7 d,添加尿素处理的NH4 + -N质量分数迅速增加,达458.7 mg·kg−1,显著高于ck处理的112.2 mg·kg−1(P<0.05),表明尿素的添加显著提高了土壤NH4 + -N质量分数。而在7 d后,U处理的NH4 + -N质量分数快速下降,到21 d时降为244.5 mg·kg−1。硝化抑制剂处理的NH4 + -N质量分数在7 d后保持在一个稳定的状态,在14 d后还有小幅度上升。到21 d时,CP与DMPP处理的NH4 + -N质量分数分别为536.4和510.4 mg·kg−1,显著高于U处理(P<0.05),表明DMPP与CP显著抑制氨氧化作用。如图1C所示:各处理的NO3 − -N质量分数均随着培养时间的延长而逐渐上升。ck与U处理的NO3 − -N质量分数在前7 d上升缓慢,在7 d后快速上升,直到21 d。DMPP和CP处理的NO3 − -N质量分数在前14 d内基本保持不变,在14 d后略有上升。DMPP与CP处理的NO3 − -N质量分数显著低于ck和U处理(P<0.05)。
如表2所示:与ck和U处理相比,硝化抑制剂处理(DMPP与CP)显著降低了土壤净硝化速率(P<0.05)。而U与ck处理的净硝化速率之间没有显著差别。
表 2 硝化抑制剂对土壤净硝化速率的影响
Table 2. Net nitrification rate of each treatment for the three incubation intervals
间隔时间/d 净硝化速率/(mg·kg−1·d−1) ck U CP DMPP 1~7 6.30±0.24 a 5.99±0.06 a 0.56±0.09 b 0.55±0.09 b 7~14 20.71±4.91 b 28.47±0.66 a 0.82±0.73 c 1.93±1.35 c 14~21 29.83±5.56 a 24.89±1.56 a 2.18±1.24 b 4.33±1.38 b 说明:数值为平均值±标准误。同行不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
如图2所示:ck处理的2个排放峰分别出现在培养5和7 d,在到达第2个排放峰后,N2O的排放速率开始快速下降,到12 d时到达较低水平并持续到培养结束。与ck处理相比,U处理的排放峰出现较晚,分别出现在7 与12 d,且在培养7 d后,U处理的N2O排放速率远高于其他处理,直到培养结束时N2O的排放速率才降低到和其他处理相近的水平。这表明尿素的添加推迟了土壤N2O排放峰值的出现,提高了N2O的排放速率,同时延长了N2O排放的时间。与处理U相比,DMPP与CP处理的N2O排放速率在整个培养期间均处在较低水平,且两者之间没有显著差异。
如图3所示:施用尿素显著增加了土壤N2O的累积排放量,是ck处理的3.99倍。但是DMPP与CP处理相较于ck和U处理,显著减少了N2O排放(P<0.05)。
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AOA amoA的基因拷贝数为2.6×106~7.1×106 个·g−1,而AOB amoA的基因拷贝数为6.2×106~1.5×109个·g−1(图4),表明土壤中AOA的丰度远低于AOB。与ck处理相比,尿素的添加提高了AOB的丰度,而DMPP和CP的施用显著降低了AOB的丰度(P<0.05)。尿素和硝化抑制剂的使用对AOA的基因丰度无显著影响。培养前14 d,尿素与ck处理的AOB基因丰度都经过了先增后降的过程,在培养的后半段(14 d以后),U处理的AOB数量开始快速增加,到培养结束时达5.5×106个·g−1,较ck处理(1.6×106 个·g−1)提高了249.5%。与U处理相比,2种硝化抑制剂处理的AOB丰度都保持在极低的水平,且2种硝化抑制剂之间的作用效果没有显著差异。
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如表3所示:N2O排放量与土壤NH4 + -N质量分数,AOB丰度呈正相关,且都达极显著水平(P<0.01);与土壤pH呈负相关,达显著水平(P<0.05)。土壤pH与土壤NH4 + -N质量分数呈极显著正相关( P <0.05);与土壤NO3 − -N质量分数呈极显著负相关( P <0.01)。
表 3 N2O排放量与土壤因子之间的相关性
Table 3. Correlation between N2O emissions and soil environmental factors
因子 M NH4 +-N NO3 −-N AOA AOB pH M 1 NH4+-N −0.526 1 NO3−-N 0.827** −0.906** 1 AOA −0.046 0.333 −0.248 1 AOB 0.960** −0.452 0.743** 0.012 1 pH −0.600* 0.995** −0.941** 0.313 −0.526 1 说明:M指N2O累积排放量;NH4+-N和NO3−-N分别指两者的质量分数;AOA. 氨氧化古菌丰度;AOB. 氨氧化细菌丰度;*、**分别表示在0.05 、0.01水平上显著相关。
Effects of nitrification inhibitors on soil N2O emission and nitrification in a paddy soil
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摘要:
目的 为探究硝化抑制剂对土壤硝化作用及氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。选取稻田土为研究对象,采用微宇宙培养,研究尿素配施硝化抑制剂[3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(CP)]对稻田土pH、无机氮、N2O排放以及氨氧化微生物的影响。 方法 设置不加尿素和硝化抑制剂(ck)、单施尿素[氮(N)200 mg·kg–1,U]、尿素+DMPP (添加量为氮量的1%,DMPP)和尿素+CP (添加量为氮量的2%,CP) 4个处理。 结果 添加硝化抑制剂可以显著提高土壤pH (P<0.05)。与ck相比,施用尿素显著增加了土壤铵态氮(NH4 +-N)质量分数(P<0.05),而两者之间硝态氮(NO3 –-N)质量分数无显著差异。DMPP和CP处理的NO3 –-N质量分数处于较低水平,且2个处理的净硝化速率都显著低于ck和U处理(P<0.05),有明显的硝化抑制效果。与ck相比,施用尿素显著提高了土壤N2O排放(P<0.05),而配施硝化抑制剂显著降低了N2O的累积排放(P<0.05)。与单施尿素相比,添加硝化抑制剂可有效降低氨氧化细菌(AOB) amoA基因拷贝数,而对氨氧化古菌(AOA) amoA丰度没有显著影响。相关性分析显示:N2O排放量与土壤pH、AOB丰度和NO3 –-N质量分数呈显著相关(P<0.05),说明土壤pH、AOB丰度和NO3 –-N质量分数是影响土壤N2O排放的关键因素。 结论 在中性稻田土中,AOB主导了土壤N2O的排放和硝化作用,DMPP和CP可通过有效降低AOB丰度来抑制硝化作用和减少N2O排放。图4表3参34 -
关键词:
- 水稻土 /
- 3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP) /
- 2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(CP) /
- 氧化亚氮 /
- 氨氧化微生物
Abstract:Objective This study, with the conduct of a microcosm incubation using paddy soils, is aimed to investigate the effects of urea combined nitrification inhibitors 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-chloro-6 -trichloromethyl pyridine (CP) on pH, inorganic nitrogen, N2O emission and ammonia oxidizers with the ultimate purpose to explore the effects of nitrification inhibitors on soil nitrification and N2O emission. Method Four treatments were included in the whole process, namely no urea and nitrification inhibitor (ck), urea alone (N 200 mg·kg−1, U), urea + DMPP (1% of N, DMPP) and urea + CP (2% of N, CP). Result Addition of nitrification inhibitors significantly increased soil pH relative to ck and U with urea addition significantly enhancing soil NH4 +-N content (P<0.05) but having no effect on NO3 – -N content when compared with ck; The NO3 – -N contents and net nitrification rates were significantly lower under DMPP and CP treatments than those under ck and U treatments (P<0.05), indicating that nitrification inhibitors had an obvious effect of nitrification inhibition in paddy soils; Compared with ck, urea addition significantly increased soil N2O emission (P<0.05), while combined application of urea and nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced the cumulative N2O emission (P<0.05); Nitrification inhibitors decreased the amoA gene copy number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), but had no effect on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) when compared with U . Correlation analysis showed that soil N2O emission was significantly correlated with soil pH, AOB abundance and NO3 –-N content (P<0.05), indicating that soil pH, AOB abundance and NO3 –-N content were the key factors affecting soil N2O emission. Conclusion In neutral paddy soils, AOB rather than AOA dominated soil N2O emission and nitrification while DMPP and CP could inhibit soil nitrification and reduce N2O emission by decreasing AOB abundance. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 34 ref.] -
表 1 PCR扩增的引物序列
Table 1. Primers sequences for PCR amplification
表 2 硝化抑制剂对土壤净硝化速率的影响
Table 2. Net nitrification rate of each treatment for the three incubation intervals
间隔时间/d 净硝化速率/(mg·kg−1·d−1) ck U CP DMPP 1~7 6.30±0.24 a 5.99±0.06 a 0.56±0.09 b 0.55±0.09 b 7~14 20.71±4.91 b 28.47±0.66 a 0.82±0.73 c 1.93±1.35 c 14~21 29.83±5.56 a 24.89±1.56 a 2.18±1.24 b 4.33±1.38 b 说明:数值为平均值±标准误。同行不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 3 N2O排放量与土壤因子之间的相关性
Table 3. Correlation between N2O emissions and soil environmental factors
因子 M NH4 +-N NO3 −-N AOA AOB pH M 1 NH4+-N −0.526 1 NO3−-N 0.827** −0.906** 1 AOA −0.046 0.333 −0.248 1 AOB 0.960** −0.452 0.743** 0.012 1 pH −0.600* 0.995** −0.941** 0.313 −0.526 1 说明:M指N2O累积排放量;NH4+-N和NO3−-N分别指两者的质量分数;AOA. 氨氧化古菌丰度;AOB. 氨氧化细菌丰度;*、**分别表示在0.05 、0.01水平上显著相关。 -
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