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云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius属鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛科Cerambycidae沟胫天牛亚科Lamiinae墨天牛属Monochamus,褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus属鞘翅目天牛科椎天牛亚科Spondyliites梗天牛属Arhopalus,是危害树木的2种重要蛀干害虫。云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛危害寄主的习性,主要是幼虫钻蛀:成虫产卵于树皮间隙或啃食树皮后产卵于韧皮部内,卵孵化后幼虫钻蛀进入树皮内,在韧皮部蛀食形成不规则的虫道,而后钻蛀进入木质部并在此越冬。幼虫在木质部虫道上下左右蛀食,虫道不断扩大,对树体造成极大伤害。2018年云杉花墨天牛首次被中国确认为东北地区松材线虫病的媒介昆虫,同时,红松Pinus koraiensis也被确认为松材线虫的自然感病寄主;褐梗天牛也存在携带松材线虫的可能[1−2]。松材线虫病是毁灭性的森林病害[3],对松属Pinus植物危害极大,被称为松树的癌症。
生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布数据和相关环境变量,根据一定的算法运算(如利用物种分布点相关联的环境参数)来构建模型,判断物种的生态需求,并将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中以预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布[4]。生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数是研究生态位的2个最重要的指数[5−6],可反映种群对资源的利用能力及所处群落的稳定性。利用生态位研究害虫的种内和种间分布已被广泛应用于害虫的生物学特性和防治技术研究。高娜等[7]研究发现:在黑松P. thunbergii枯立木上松墨天牛M. alternatus在树干2 m以下分布最多;松墨天牛与褐梗天牛资源的相似性较高,褐梗天牛的幼虫在黑松林中主要分布在1~2 m高度处。宋冀营等[8]研究发现:松墨天牛捕食性天敌莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi和松墨天牛的伴随度较高。孟维洋等[9]调查发现:在斑克松P. banksiana上云杉花墨天牛幼虫主要分布在10~180 cm高度上,其中20~60 cm高度受害最重。
目前,有关天牛的生态位研究多集中于幼虫的营养生态位,作为东北地区松材线虫病的新媒介昆虫——云杉花墨天牛,国内对于其幼虫分布及生态位的研究较少。在对辽宁省抚顺市苍石林场的林间调查时发现:同一红松林内同时诱到大量云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛,两者的寄主都包括红松,并且已对红松资源造成巨大危害。因此,本研究旨在探讨云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫在红松受害木上的垂直空间分布,用生态位方法分析云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛的种间关系,计算两者的生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数,明确两者在红松林内的垂直空间生态位与分布格局,进而推测现实分布与潜在分布,以期为探索松材线虫病的蔓延扩散规律提供参考。
Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis
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摘要:
目的 从垂直空间角度,明确云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius和褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus在红松Pinus koraiensis上的空间分布,探索这2种天牛的种间关系,为其防治措施提供理论基础。 方法 在辽宁抚顺的红松P. koraiensis林中同时监测到云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛成虫,且在同一株红松上能发现这2种天牛幼虫。以红松作为天牛幼虫的栖息资源,以红松的垂直高度作为资源序列,选取受天牛危害的红松立木,以40 cm为单位,研究云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛幼虫的形态学特征、在红松受害木上的分布位置、生态位宽度及生态位重叠度。 结果 云杉花墨天牛幼虫在红松上的分布为(87.20±8.45)头·株−1,褐梗天牛幼虫在红松上的分布为(24.40±2.37)头·株−1。云杉花墨天牛幼虫在红松上呈正偏态分布,地上80~120 cm处分布最多,为(16.40±2.38)头·株−1,显著高于80 cm以下及120 cm以上高度的幼虫数量(P<0.05);褐梗天牛幼虫在红松受害木地上部分均匀分布,200~280 cm高度处数量最多,占总体幼虫数量的33.63%,显著高于120 cm以下、160~200 cm及320 cm以上的幼虫数(P<0.05);在红松受害木地下部分均未发现这2种害虫的幼虫。云杉花墨天牛幼虫和褐梗天牛幼虫的生态位宽度有一定差异,分别为0.694 4和0.757 6,生态位重叠指数为0.804 6。 结论 云杉花墨天牛幼虫主要分布在红松树干中下部,褐梗天牛幼虫在红松树干各高度上均匀分布,两者在红松上生态位重叠较高,生态特性相似程度较高,一定程度上表明两者在红松林内有较高竞争关系。图2参25 Abstract:Objective This study aims to clarify the spatial distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on Pinus koraiensis from the perspective of vertical space, and explore the interspecific relationship between these two species, so as to provide theoretical basis for their control measures. Method Adults of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus were simultaneously detected in P. koraiensis forest in Fushun, Liaoning Province, and both species of beetle larvae were found on the same P. koraiensis tree. Taking P. koraiensis as the habitat resource of longhorn beetle larvae and the vertical height of P. koraiensis as the resource sequence, P. koraiensis affected by longhorn beetles was selected using 40 cm as a unit to study the morphological characteristics, distribution location, niche width and niche overlap of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae. Result The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae on P. koraiensis was (87.20±8.45) heads per plant, and that of A. rusticus larvae was (24.40±2.37) heads per plant. The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae was positively skewed on P. koraiensis, with the largest distribution of (16.40±2.38) heads per plant at 80 − 120 cm above ground, significantly higher than the number below 80 cm and above 120 cm (P<0.05). A. rusticus larvae were evenly distributed in the aboveground parts of the affected trees, with the most abundant at a height of 200 − 280 cm, accounting for 33.63% of the total number of larvae, significantly higher than the number below 120 cm, 160 − 200 cm and above 320 cm (P<0.05). No larvae of these two pests were found in the underground parts of damaged P. koraiensis. There was a certain difference in niche width between M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae, with values of 0.694 4 and 0.757 6, respectively, and a niche overlap value of 0.804 6. Conclusion M. saltuarius larvae are mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the trunk of P. koraiensis, while A. rusticus larvae are evenly distributed at various heights of the trunk. The ecological niche overlap between the two is relatively high on P. koraiensis, and the degree of similarity in ecological characteristics is relatively high, indicating a high competitive relationship between the two in P. koraiensis forest to a certain extent. [Ch, 2 fig. 25 ref.] -
Key words:
- Monochamus saltuarius /
- Arhopalus rusticus /
- Pinus koraiensis /
- host /
- ecological niche
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167