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杨梅Myrica rubra是中国南方著名水果。在浙江一带杨梅栽植面积广、品种多,其中‘东魁’‘Dongkui’ ‘荸荠种’‘Biqizhong’ ‘丁岙梅’‘Dingao’和‘晚稻杨梅’‘Wandao’均属于浙江的特色品种[1]。‘早佳’‘Zaojia’为浙江省林木良种审定委员会认定的杨梅新品种,其果实6月上旬成熟,平均单果质量为12.5 g,果实可溶性固形物平均质量分数为114.0 g·kg-1;果实外观美,色泽紫黑晶亮,比品种‘荸荠种’提早1~2 a挂果,平均提前7 d成熟,且商品果率高,丰产性好;采收期避开了梅雨季,经济效益显著,推广前景良好。然而,‘早佳’品种果实成熟期间品质营养指标的变化与传统杨梅品种(‘早大种’‘Zaodazhong’‘迟大种’‘Chidazhong’‘荔枝种’‘Lizhizhong’‘粉红种’‘Fenghongzhong’)的差异,其品质形成规律仍不明确。‘荸荠种’品种杨梅,具有适应性广、早果和丰产特性,在多个地区多种环境的产地条件下均能表现早果丰产性能,是中国推广的主要品种。在余姚地区,不同海拔高度(20~500 m)成熟果实的采收时间可以延续20 d。本研究对‘早佳’和‘荸荠种’(同一栽植地点,相同栽植环境)2个品种杨梅果实成熟期间的品质营养成分变化特点进行了比较研究,旨在为推广‘早佳’杨梅提供科学依据。
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本研究对2013年6月11日完全成熟后的‘早佳’和‘荸荠种’2个品种杨梅果实的主要品质指标进行测定比较(表 1)。结果表明:在可食率一样的情况下,‘早佳’比‘荸荠种’杨梅平均单果质量要高,表明商品果率高。此外,2个品种杨梅的可溶性固形物、总糖和总酸质量分数也接近,充分表明‘早佳’杨梅优于‘荸荠种’杨梅,具有显著的经济效益。
表 1 ‘早佳’杨梅和‘荸荠种’杨梅果实品质指标的比较
Table 1. The contents of major quality composition of 'Zaojia' and ' Biqizhong ' red bayberry fruits
杨梅品种 平均单果质量/g 可食率/% 可溶性固形物/% 总糖/(g·kg-1) 总酸/(g·kg-1) ‘早佳’ 12.5 95.7 11.4 103.0 1.1 ‘荸荠种’ 10.8 95.9 11.4 98.0 0.9 -
由图 1可知:在5月28日果实成熟中期之前,2个杨梅品种的糖分积累缓慢,之后糖分持续快速积累,在果实完全成熟后总糖质量分数达到最大。‘早佳’和‘荸荠种’完全成熟的杨梅果实中,蔗糖所占比例最高,占总糖的57%和62%。这与谢鸣等[3]的研究就结果一致,且2个品种果实在成熟中期和后期(5月28日-6月11日),‘早佳’杨梅中葡萄糖、果糖积累呈现先升后降,蔗糖质量分数增幅呈现先低后高的趋势;6月5日,‘早佳’杨梅的蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖组分均显著高于‘荸荠种’杨梅,其中两者的蔗糖质量分数存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。‘荸荠种’杨梅在成熟期葡萄糖、果糖质量分数增幅平缓,蔗糖积累量先迅速升高后趋于平缓。完全成熟的‘早佳’杨梅中葡萄糖、果糖质量分数比‘荸荠种’杨梅高28.0%和51.2%,蔗糖质量分数无显著差异。
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由图 2可知:‘早佳’和‘荸荠种’的总酸质量分数都呈现出了先缓慢上升后快速下降的特点,在6月5日果实成熟中期总酸质量分数达到最低点。此外2个品种杨梅的柠檬酸质量分数与总酸质量分数变化趋势相近,且柠檬酸占总酸质量分数的92.0%。在5月28日批次中,‘早佳’杨梅中总酸、柠檬酸高于‘荸荠种’杨梅,并在95%置信概率内具有显著性差异。‘早佳’杨梅的苹果酸质量分数总体上呈“W”型起伏上升趋势,而‘荸荠种’杨梅苹果酸质量分数在果实成熟前期逐渐下降,之后伴随果实成熟维持一定水平,直至成熟后期又快速上升达到最大。果实完全成熟后,2个品种杨梅的苹果酸质量分数无显著差异,但草酸质量分数在果实成熟前期均较高,伴随着果实成熟,2个品种杨梅草酸质量分数均快速下降,均在6月5日达到最低,仅占总酸质量分数的4.0%,果实完全成熟后又缓慢上升,但最终质量分数处于同一水平。2个品种杨梅的有机酸质量分数在6月5日批次,与糖分质量分数在95%置信概率内显著差异。6月5日批次2个品种杨梅的有机酸质量分数均显著降低,而糖分在此时较高,说明该时段为杨梅的最佳风味期,从糖分角度看,‘早佳’杨梅在此时段的风味更好。
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由图 3可以看出:2个品种杨梅维生素C质量分数在伴随整个果实成熟前期均先缓慢上升,在5月28日成熟中期均达到最大,此后‘早佳’杨梅维生素C质量分数持续下降直至完全成熟,而‘荸荠种’杨梅维生素C质量分数呈现出先降后升的趋势,但在5月28日至6月5日期间,‘早佳’杨梅维生素C质量分数显著高于(95%置信概率)‘荸荠种’杨梅,此时段正值‘早佳’杨梅最佳风味期,说明其商品价值高。
Fruit quality of'Zaojia' red bayberry fruits
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摘要: 为研究不同品种杨梅Myrica rubra果实在成熟过程中的品质变化,以‘早佳’‘Zaojia’和‘荸荠种’‘Biqizhong’2个杨梅品种为试材,比较研究了果实的单果质量、可食率以及可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、有机酸、维生素C质量分数和在成熟过程中糖和酸的变化情况。结果表明:‘早佳’杨梅单果质量高于‘荸荠种’杨梅,可食率及可溶性固形物、总糖和总酸质量分数相近。随着果实成熟,2个品种杨梅的总糖质量分数在果实成熟中后期均快速上升,总酸质量分数在果实成熟期都呈现出先缓慢上升后快速下降的趋势,而2个品种维生素C质量分数变化趋势不相一致。成熟果实的品质指标表明:‘早佳’杨梅柠檬酸质量分数占总酸质量分数的92.0%,草酸质量分数最低,仅占4.0%,因此‘早佳’杨梅属于柠檬酸型水果。‘早佳’杨梅商品经济价值优于‘荸荠种’杨梅,成熟期早,完全成熟的‘早佳’杨梅果实中的总糖、葡萄糖和果糖质量分数均高于‘荸荠种’杨梅,完全成熟的‘早佳’杨梅中葡萄糖、果糖质量分数比‘荸荠种’杨梅高28.0%和51.2%,总酸质量分数接近,糖酸比相对较高。Abstract: To study the qualitative principles of two red bayberries during the maturation process, fruit weight, edible rate, soluble solids, total sugar, total acid content, organic acid, and Vitamin C of 'Zaojia' and 'Biqizhong' red bayberry were examined and compared during the riping time from 7th May to 11th June, the samples of red berry were all harvest from the same base. Results showed that the average weight of 'Zaojia' and 'Biqizhong' red bayberry were 12.5 g and 10.8 g, respectivly. The content of edible rate, sugar, and titratable acid showed no difference. As the fruit ripened, sugar increased 65.2% in the middle period, and the content of total acid content rose about 26% and then declined about 83% at the end of the riping process. However, the vitamin C of the two varieties changing trend was not consistent. The content of citric acid in riped 'Zaojia' was 92% of the total acid and oxalic acid was lowest with only 4%. So, 'Zaojia' was a citric acid type of fruit. The quality showed that 'Zaojia' had a better ratio of sugar to acid than 'Biqizhong' red bayberry. Thus, 'Zaojia' red bayberry was a citric acid dominated fruit.
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Key words:
- fruit science /
- red bayberry /
- total sugar /
- titratable acid /
- quality change
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表 1 ‘早佳’杨梅和‘荸荠种’杨梅果实品质指标的比较
Table 1. The contents of major quality composition of 'Zaojia' and ' Biqizhong ' red bayberry fruits
杨梅品种 平均单果质量/g 可食率/% 可溶性固形物/% 总糖/(g·kg-1) 总酸/(g·kg-1) ‘早佳’ 12.5 95.7 11.4 103.0 1.1 ‘荸荠种’ 10.8 95.9 11.4 98.0 0.9 -
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链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.03.023