Effects of different rainfall patterns on slope runoff characteristics in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir
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摘要:
目的 探讨不同自然降雨雨型对径流过程的影响。 方法 根据降雨数量特征及雨峰集中时间对密云水库上游地区自然降雨进行二级分类，分别探究不同雨型及过程雨型下的径流特征。 结果 ①根据降雨量(P)、降雨历时(t)、最大30 min雨强(I30)可将研究区降雨划分为3类：P2t3I2雨型(中雨量、长历时、中雨强)、P1t2I1雨型(小雨量、中历时、小雨强)、P3t1I3雨型(大雨量、短历时、大雨强)，其中，P1t2I1雨型在研究区发生频次最高，占比81.01%。4种过程雨型的发生频次从大到小依次为均匀型、前峰型、后峰型、中峰型。②不同雨型下的径流特征差异明显，从单次降雨看，P3t1I3雨型单次产流能力最强， P2t3I2雨型在研究区的径流贡献率最大。③不同过程雨型对径流特征影响较大，降雨量集中在降雨前期最容易产流。④降雨量对径流深的影响最大，I30对径流深、径流系数及径流深峰值的影响均比较大，且对径流深峰值的影响要大于对径流深的影响。 结论 坡面径流特征对降雨雨型及过程雨型敏感性很高，采用合理的雨型划分方法研究雨型—径流关系可提高水力侵蚀研究精度。图4表5参27 Abstract:Objective The objective is to explore the effects of different natural rainfall patterns on runoff process. Method According to the quantitative characteristics of rainfall and the concentration period of rainfall peaks, the natural rainfall in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir was classified into two levels, and the runoff characteristics under different rain patterns and process rain patterns were investigated. Result (1)According to P (precipitation ), t (rainfall duration) and I30 (maximum 30 min rainfall intensity), the rainfall in the study area could be divided into three patterns: P2t3I2 rain (medium rainfall, long duration and medium rainfall intensity), P1t2I1 rain (light rainfall, medium duration and light rainfall intensity) and P3t1I3 rain (heavy rainfall, short duration and heavy rain intensity). P1t2I1 rain pattern had the highest frequency in the study area. The occurrence frequency of the four process rain patterns ranging from large to small was uniform, pre-peak, post-peak, and mid-peak. (2)The runoff characteristics under different rainfall patterns were significantly different. In terms of single rainfall, P3t1I3 had the largest single runoff production capacity, while P2t3I2 had the largest contribution rate to runoff. (3)Rainfall patterns of different processes had significant effects on runoff characteristics, and the rainfall concentrated in the early rainfall period was most likely to produce runoff. (4)Rainfall had the greatest impact on runoff depth. I30 had a great impact on runoff depth, runoff coefficient and runoff depth peak, and the impact on runoff depth peak was greater than that on runoff depth. Conclusion The characteristics of slope runoff are highly sensitive to rainfall patterns and process rainfall patterns. Using reasonable rainfall pattern division method to study the relationship between rainfall patterns and runoff can improve the accuracy of hydraulic erosion research. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 27 ref.] -
Key words:
- rain pattern division /
- runoff process /
- cluster analysis /
- rainfall characteristics
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图 4 不同雨强对径流过程的影响
Figure 4 Influence of different rainfall intensities on runoff process
表 1 样地基本情况表
Table 1. Basic situation of the plots
小区名称 植被盖度/
%小区规格
(m×m)坡度/
(°)整地措施 水平条山杏小区 84.49 20×5 23 大水平条 穴状侧柏小区 100.00 20×5 20 穴状 鱼鳞坑蒙古栎小区 88.32 20×5 25 鱼鳞坑 说明：山杏Armeniaca sibirica、侧柏Platycladus orientalis、
蒙古栎Quercus mongolica
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表 2 不同雨型的降雨特征
Table 2. Rainfall characteristics of different rain types
雨型 项目 特征变量 频次 比例/% P/mm t/h I30/(mm·h−1) P2t3I2 (中雨量、长历时、中雨强) 累计值 523.40 88.09 345.20 12 15.19 均值 43.62 7.34 28.76 范围 27.20~68.20 1.01~15.25 16.40~52.00 P1t2I1 (小雨量、中历时、小雨强) 累计值 520.60 147.54 686.80 64 81.01 均值 8.13 2.31 10.74 范围 1.80~23.80 0.17~9.03 1.60~38.80 P3t1I3 (大雨量、短历时、大雨强) 累计值 169.60 5.34 275.20 3 3.80 均值 56.53 1.78 91.74 范围 41.20~74.80 0.68~2.33 69.20~106.00
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表 3 降雨过程雨型特征指标统计
Table 3. Rainfall pattern characteristic index statistics of rainfall process
雨型 过程雨型 P/mm t/h I30/(mm·h－1) 频次 P2t3I2 前峰型 41.50 a 2.75 a 20.90 a 2 中峰型 40.60 a 8.79 a 11.80 a 3 后峰型 42.27 a 8.81 a 12.73 a 3 均匀型 47.95 a 7.45 a 14.30 a 4 P1t2I1 前峰型 6.66 b 0.87 b 5.89 b 17 中峰型 10.82 c 1.75 b 7.92 b 10 后峰型 11.57 c 2.16 b 7.86 b 13 均匀型 6.20 b 3.63 c 2.58 c 24 P3t1I3 前峰型 47.40 1.51 43.80 2 中峰型 － － － － 后峰型 74.8 2.33 50.00 1 均匀型 － － － － 说明：同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)；－表示
无此类数据
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表 4 不同雨型下场均径流特征
Table 4. Characteristics of average runoff in different rainfall types
雨型 径流深/
mm径流系数 径流深峰值/
(mm·min−1)径流贡献率/% P2t3I2 0.446 0 0.012 0 0.022 2 49.98 P1t2I1 0.222 0 0.014 0 0.016 6 31.16 P3t1I3 0.673 0 0.016 0 0.037 2 18.85
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表 5 不同过程雨型对径流特征的影响
Table 5. Influence of rainfall patterns in different processes on runoff characteristics
过程雨型 径流深/
mm径流系数 径流深峰值/
(mm·min−1)径流贡献率/% 前峰型 0.484 0 0.016 5 0.0292 39.20 中峰型 0.227 0 0.011 3 0.0132 18.39 后峰型 0.358 0 0.012 9 0.0201 38.67 均匀型 0.138 0 0.006 8 － 3.74 说明：均匀型降雨通常产流较少或不产流，径流量数据为
人工测量，无产流过程。“－”表示均匀型降雨过程下
产流过程不存在明显的径流深峰值
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