-
香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’为红豆杉科Taxaceae榧属Torreya多年生常绿乔木,为第三纪孑遗植物,是中国特有的珍贵经济干果[1],主要分布在浙江、安徽、福建、湖南等省的丘陵山区。自2014年浙江省提出“香榧南扩”战略以来,香榧种植区已由原来的会稽山脉向浙西南延伸。截至2019年,浙江省香榧种植面积达5.39万 hm2,坚果产量多达6 000 t,产值达15亿元[2]。
目前,食用香榧仍是香榧产业经济效益的最主要来源[3]。香榧授粉至种子成熟跨越2个年度,历时17个月,因此,通常会出现同一株树上既有去年授粉、今年膨大成熟的果实(即“2代果”),也有今年受精形成的幼果[4]。种实生长发育经历了缓生期(头年5月初至当年4月底)、速生期(当年5月初至6月底)、种子内部充实期(当年6月底至9月上中旬)以及成熟期(白露至秋分之间的9月上中旬) 4个阶段。其中,3月上旬至7月上旬为香榧种实早期生长的关键时期,也是营养枝生长和花芽分化的重要时期,因此该阶段枝叶及种实内部的营养状况直接影响香榧种实膨大、成熟及品质[5]。研究发现:氮、磷、钙能够促进速生期香榧种实生长,钾能够提供种实膨大结束后的树体营养需求,种实采收后补充镁能够提高香榧的产量和质量[6]。另外,在澳洲坚果Macadamia integrifolia生长前期(3—6月),树体内的氮、钾主要用于开花、坐果及果实的生长发育;随着果实的成熟,氮、钾在叶片中大幅度升高,并逐渐用于营养生长[7]。薄壳山核桃Caraya illinoensis果实膨大期对氮、磷、钾的需求量较大[8]。香榧种实快速膨大过程一般从5月上旬开始,到6月下旬结束[5]。目前,对香榧栽培方面的研究较多,如土壤类型以及叶面施肥对香榧种实品质的影响等[9−10],但对香榧种实生长早期枝叶和种实中的矿质元素积累、分配的动态特征研究较少。本研究对香榧种实生长早期矿质元素的积累量和质量分数的动态变化进行研究和分析,旨在从营养供需的角度为提高香榧质量、产量和科学施肥提供理论依据。
Dynamic analysis of content and accumulation of mineral elements in branch-leaf mixture and seeds of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ during the early growth stage
-
摘要:
目的 探究香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’种实早期生长阶段枝叶与种实矿质元素质量分数、积累量的关系,为科学施肥,提升香榧种仁品质及产量提供依据。 方法 选择浙江农林大学东湖校区(2+17) a香榧试验林(砧木为2年生,嫁接后生长了17 a),采集3月上旬至7月上旬当年生侧枝(含叶片)及2代种实,对枝叶、种实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌、锰、铜质量分数及积累量动态变化关系进行分析。 结果 香榧种实早期生长阶段,种实横纵径、单果干鲜质量及含水率在4月上旬前无明显变化,4月中旬至6月中旬均增长迅速,之后趋于平稳。4月中下旬至6月中旬,枝叶中氮、磷、钾的积累量下降,而种实中氮、磷积累量及钾质量分数持续上升,表明枝叶中的氮、磷、钾优先供应种实的生长,缓生期与花芽分化期种实对氮、磷、钾的需求量较小,速生期种实对氮、磷、钾需求增加,该现象随时间推移而增强;在时间尺度上,钙在枝叶中逐渐吸收、积累,种实中钙质量分数及积累量则呈显著、极显著降低;速生期后,种实中的镁积累量增高,枝叶中镁积累量及质量分数均随着种实的膨大而下降;香榧种实早期生长阶段枝叶中锌、铜积累量呈下降趋势,种实对锌、铜、锰需求量较小。 结论 ①速生期香榧种实的体积和含水率快速增加,进入充实期后趋于稳定。②元素质量分数、积累量与香榧种实生长期密切相关。为提高香榧种实品质,应在种实缓生期末期和速生期开始时施加氮、磷、钾肥,并配合施用适量锌、铜等微量元素肥料,在种实采收后施用镁肥。图5参27 Abstract:Objective The objective is to explore the relationship between the content and accumulation of mineral elements in the branch-leaf mixture and seeds of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ during the early growth stage of seeds, in order to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and improve the quality and yield of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds. Method T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ trees (2 a rootstocks and 17 a after grafting) were selected for experiment on Donghu campus of Zhejiang A&F University. Lateral branches (with leaves) and seeds of the second generation were collected from early March to early July, and the dynamic changes in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) content and accumulation in branch-leaf mixture and seeds were analyzed. Result In the early growth stage of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds, there was no significant change in the transverse and longitudinal diameter of the seeds, dry and fresh weight, and moisture content of each fruit before early April. However, from mid April to mid June, the growth rate increased rapidly and then stabilized, and the accumulation of N, P, and K in branch-leaf mixture decreased while the accumulation and content of N, P, and K in seeds continued to increase, which indicated that N, P, and K in branch-leaf mixture were preferentially supplied to the growth of seeds. During the slow growth and flower bud differentiation stage, the demand for N, P, and K by seeds was relatively small, while during the rapid growth stage, the demand for N, P, and K by seeds increased. This phenomenon intensified with time. On a time scale, Ca gradually absorbed and accumulated in the branch-leaf mixture, while Ca content and accumulation in seeds decreased and ertremely decreased significantly. After the rapid growth period, the accumulation of Mg in seeds increased, while the accumulation and content of Mg in branch-leaf mixture decreased with the expansion of seeds. During the early growth stage of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds, the accumulation of Zn and Cu in branch-leaf mixture showed a decreasing trend, and the seed had a relatively small demand for Zn, Cu and Mn. Conclusion (1) The volume and moisture content of the fast-growing T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds increase rapidly, and tend to stabilize after the filling period. (2) The content and accumulation of elements are closely related to the long-term growth of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds. To improve the quality of seeds, N, P and K fertilizers should be applied at the end of the slow growth period and the beginning of the fast growth period, along with an appropriate amount of trace element fertilizers such as Zn and Cu. Mg fertilizer should be applied after seed harvest. [Ch, 5 fig. 27 ref.] -
-
[1] 刘琏, 陆吕佳, 胡渊渊, 等. 不同月份不同树龄香榧叶片光合特性的变化[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2022, 39(1): 32 − 40. LIU Lian, LU Lüjia, HU Yuanyuan, et al. Changes of photosynthesis in leaves of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ in different months and different tree ages [J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 32 − 40. [2] 喻卫武. 香榧生态高效栽培技术[J]. 浙江林业, 2020(10): 22. YU Weiwu. High efficient ecological cultivation techniques of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ [J]. Zhejiang Forestry, 2020(10): 22. [3] 徐翠霞. 浙江省香榧产业发展及其对策研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江农林大学, 2019. XU Cuixia. Study on Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ Production Development and Its Suggestions in Zhejiang Province [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang A&F University, 2019 [4] 胡绍泉, 张益锋. 香榧的生态生物学特征及其播种培育技术[J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(自然科学), 2015, 35(7): 28 − 31. HU Shaoquan, ZHANG Yifeng. The ecological and biological characteristics and sowing cultivation of Torreya grandis [J]. Journal of Shaoxing University, 2015, 35(7): 28 − 31. [5] 黎章矩, 戴文圣. 中国香榧[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007. LI Zhangju, DAI Wensheng. Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ of China [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2007. [6] 刘萌萌, 曾燕如, 江建斌, 等. 香榧叶片中8种矿质元素年周期季节性变化规律[J]. 经济林研究, 2014, 32(2): 105 − 109. LIU Mengmeng, ZENG Yanru, JIANG Jianbin, et al. Seasonal dynamic changes of eight mineral elements in Torreya grandis leaf [J]. Nonwood Forest Research, 2014, 32(2): 105 − 109. [7] 韩树全, 范建新, 王代谷, 等. 澳洲坚果生育期内叶片矿质营养元素含量及其变化[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2016, 44(23): 8 − 10, 52. HAN Shuquan, FAN Jianxin, WANG Daigu, et al. Study on mineral elements content and change in Macadamia ternifolia leaves during the development period [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 44(23): 8 − 10, 52. [8] 袁紫倩, 杨先裕, 凌骅, 等. 薄壳山核桃‘马汉’叶片主要矿质营养元素生育期动态变化特征[J]. 西北植物学报, 2016, 44(23): 8 − 10. YUAN Ziqian, YANG Xianyu, LING Hua, et al. Dynamic changes of leaves’ main mineral elements in pecan ‘Mahan’s growth period [J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2016, 44(23): 8 − 10. [9] 曹永庆, 任华东, 王开良, 等. 不同类型土壤栽培香榧种仁品质综合评价和分析[J]. 果树学报, 2022, 39(5): 836 − 845. CAO Yongqing, REN Huadong, WANG Kailiang, et al. Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of kernel quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ from different soil types [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2022, 39(5): 836 − 845. [10] 郝琪淳, 谢吉全, 戴文圣, 等. 香榧种实充实期叶面施肥对种实品质的影响[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2024, 41(3): 457 − 466. HAO Qichun, XIE Jiquan, DAI Wensheng, et al. Effect of foliar fertilization on seed quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ during seed filling period [J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 457 − 466. [11] 何斌, 黄恒川, 曹明, 等. 秃杉人工林微量元素含量、积累与分配特征[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 33(1): 69 − 73. HE Bin, HUANG Hengchuan, CAO Ming, et al. Concentration, accumulation and distribution of microelementsin Tawania flousiana plantation [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2009, 33(1): 69 − 73. [12] 盖甜甜, 邹中华, 任志华, 等. 不同氮养分条件下油茶幼苗生物量及养分利用对磷水平的响应[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2022, 44(3): 626 − 634. GAI Tiantian, ZOU Zhonghua, REN Zhihua, et al. Effects of biomass and nutrient utilization of Camellia oleifera seedlings to phosphorus level under different nitrogen nutrients [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2022, 44(3): 626 − 634. [13] LI Xiaogang, CAO Yini, XIAO Jiang, et al. Bamboo biochar greater enhanced Cd/Zn accumulation in Salix psammophila under non-flooded soil compared with flooded [J/OL]. Biochar, 2022, 4: 7[2023-11-04]. doi: 10.1007/s42773-022-00139-0. [14] 刘凡, 马宗虎, 张廷军, 等. 元素分析仪测定玉米秸秆元素含量不确定度评定[J]. 中国沼气, 2021, 39(4): 25 − 28. LIU Fan, MA Zonghu, ZHANG Tingjun, et al. Evaluation of the uncertainty of element content determination of corn stalks by elemental analyzer [J]. China Biogas, 2021, 39(4): 25 − 28. [15] 葛高波, 高智群, 刘欢, 等. 黄竹地上部分营养元素的吸收、积累和分配特性[J]. 竹子研究汇刊, 2016, 35(1): 41 − 45. GE Gaobo, GAO Zhiqun, LIU Huan, et al. Uptake, accumulation and distribution of main elemental nutrients in the aboveground parts of Dendrocalamus membranceus [J]. Journal of Bamboo Research, 2016, 35(1): 41 − 45. [16] 叶淑媛. 香榧种实早期生长与树体营养的相关性研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江农林大学, 2020. YE Shuyuan. A Study on Early Growth of Seeds and Its Correlation to Tree Nutrition in Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang A&F University, 2020. [17] 张晓兰, 肖龙洋. 香榧果实生长发育规律观测[J]. 湖南林业科技, 2011, 38(3): 36 − 38. ZHANG Xiaolan, XIAO Longyang. Growth and development rhythm of Torreya grandis fruit [J]. Hunan Forestry Science &Technology, 2011, 38(3): 36 − 38. [18] 王冕之, 张晓蓉, 牟凌, 等. 亚热带常绿阔叶林优势植物4种矿质元素的分配特征[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2020, 26(1): 40 − 47. WANG Mianzhi, ZHANG Xiaorong, MOU Ling, et al. Allocation of four mineral elements in dominant plants of subtropical evergreen broad-leavedforest [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental, 2020, 26(1): 40 − 47. [19] 王彬, 魏天兴, 刘钊. 黄土丘陵区华北落叶松人工林生态系统生物量与养分循环特征[J]. 水土保持研究, 2017, 24(6): 45 − 51. WANG Bin, WEI Tianxing, LIU Zhao, et al. Characteristics of nutrient cycling and ecosystem structure of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Hilly Loess Plateau [J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 24(6): 45 − 51. [20] ISLAM M Z, MELE M A, BAEK J P, et al. Cherry tomato qualities affected by foliar spraying with boron and calcium [J]. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2016, 57(1): 46 − 52. [21] MONTANARO G, DICHIO B, XILOYANNIS C. Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developing apricot fruit [J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition And Soil Science, 2010, 173(4): 618 − 622. [22] WHITE P J, BROADLEY M R. Calcium in plants [J]. Annals of Botany, 2003, 92(4): 487 − 511. [23] 叶淑媛, 曾燕如, 胡渊渊, 等. 香榧初结果母枝性状变化规律与结实能力的关系[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2022, 39(1): 41 − 49. YE Shuyuan, ZENG Yanru, HU Yuanyuan, et al. Relationship between character changing and seed-bearing capacity of initial seed-bearing mother shoots in Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ [J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 41 − 49. [24] GUO Wanli, NAZIM H, LIANG Zongsuo, et al. Magnesium deficiency in plants: an urgent problem [J]. The Crop Journal, 2016, 4(2): 83 − 91. [25] 刘萌萌, 曾燕如, 江建斌, 等. 香榧生长期叶片和种子中矿质元素动态变化研究[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2014, 31(5): 724 − 729. LIU Mengmeng, ZENG Yanru, JIANG Jianbin, et al. Mineral elements in leaves and seeds of Torreya grandis ‘Merrilli’ during seed development [J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(5): 724 − 729. [26] 吕玉兰, 黄家雄, 王跃全. 镁肥对台湾青枣叶片叶绿素含量和果实品质的影响[J]. 热带农业科学, 2010, 30(12): 17 − 19. LÜ Yulan, HUANG Jiaxiong, WANG Yuequan, et al. Effects of magnesium fertilizer on chlorophyll content of leaves and fruit quality of ber (Zizvphus mauritiana Lam. ) [J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 2010, 30(12): 17 − 19. [27] NEDIM O, DAMLA B O. Effect of magnesium fertilization on some plant nutrient interactions and nut quality properties in Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. ) [J]. Scientific Research and Essays, 2015, 10(14): 465 − 470. -
链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230583