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碳水化合物是自然界分布最广的物质之一,是植物生长发育过程中构成碳骨架,提供能量的主要物质,同时起到渗透调节和信号传导的作用[1]。STITT等[2]研究发现:拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana白天同化的碳以淀粉形式积累,夜间淀粉转化成可溶性糖为生长提供能量,黎明前几乎完全利用。PANTIN等[3]研究拟南芥幼嫩叶片生长发现:夜间生长由于受到碳的限制,生长速度慢于白天。GRAF等[4]研究拟南芥叶片淀粉代谢发现:夜间淀粉降解模式受生物钟调控。拟南芥植株淀粉代谢研究中显示,糖代谢和淀粉降解可受光周期长度的影响[5-8]。RIOU-KHAMLICHI等[9]研究拟南芥幼苗生长发现:糖作为一种信号物质诱导细胞周期蛋白CYCD2和CYCD3的表达。糖代谢和淀粉降解是由一系列酶介导的。STREB等[10]研究拟南芥瞬时淀粉分解发现:α-淀粉酶[α-Amylase (AMY)]、极限糊精酶[limit dextrinase(LDA)]及异淀粉酶3[isoamylase 3(ISA3)]相互独立地直接作用于淀粉颗粒。植物叶片淀粉分解过程α-淀粉酶作用不明显,而β-淀粉酶[β-Amylase(BAM)]起关键作用[11-14]。小麦Triticum aestivum和烟草Nicotiana tabacum种子萌发过程中淀粉酶活性和AMY基因表达量逐渐上升,导致淀粉降解加速,可溶性总糖含量逐渐增加[15-16]。MARUYAMA等[17]研究拟南芥中mRNA水平,发现脱水和冷胁迫分别导致bam 1和bam 3表达增加。ISA3和LDA、AMY3和BAM等共同协调糖和淀粉的合成与分解[2]。近年来,毛竹Phyllostachys edulis的生理生态研究取得了许多进展,主要涉及光合作用、组织构造、糖的时空变化、不同生长期茎秆色素含量等方面[18-21],而对毛竹快速生长期分子水平的调节机制研究较少。因此,本研究以毛竹笋竹快速生长期的茎秆为材料,分析了非结构性碳水化合物(nonstructural carbohydrate, NSC)质量分数的变化,AMY和BAM的活性以及PeAMY和PeBAM基因表达模式,为进一步揭示毛竹快速生长期的调节机制提供理论依据。
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在2019年4月下旬毛竹快速生长阶段,选取生境条件一致、生长状况良好和高度在(3.0±0.2) m的毛竹笋竹30株,从10:00开始每隔4 h随机取5株,每株作为1个独立实验,共5次重复。将茎秆从基部往上每间隔2节依次编号为 1、4、7、10、13、16、19、22。采样后在液氮中冷冻,之后放入−80 ℃超低温冰箱内备用。
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称取毛竹茎秆0.5 g,研磨至匀浆,加蒸馏水9 mL,沸水浴提取10 min,不断搅拌。冷却,3 000 r·min−1离心5 min,取上清液。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖分别采用葡萄糖试剂盒(上海荣盛生物药业有限公司生产)、果糖和蔗糖试剂盒(南京建成科技有限公司生产)测定。具体方法参照说明书。
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将上述可溶性糖提取后的沉淀用体积分数为80%乙醇冲洗1遍,加蒸馏水3 mL,搅拌均匀,沸水15 min。冷却后,加入9.2 mmol·L−1冷高氯酸4 mL,搅拌提取20 min,蒸馏水定容25 mL,混匀,3 000 r·min−1离心10 min。取上清液,测定方法采用蒽酮硫酸法。
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参照BRADFORD[22]方法测定蛋白质质量分数。
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称取毛竹茎秆0.5 g,加10 mL柠檬酸缓冲液(0.1 mol·L−1, pH 7.0),冰浴研磨,放在常温下充分提取15~20 min,10 000 r·min−1离心10 min(4 ℃),上清液为酶提取液。采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定酶活力。40 ℃恒温水浴保温15 min,测定总淀粉酶活性,70 ℃加热15 min,钝化β-淀粉酶,测定α-淀粉酶活性。酶活力以1 min分解淀粉形成1 mol麦芽糖所需酶量为1个活性单位,以U·g−1·min−1(1 U=16.67 nkat)表示。
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称取毛竹茎秆0.5 g,用 MES 缓冲液(20 mol·L−1, pH 6.2)进行提取,冰浴研磨,提取定容至5 mL,10 000 r·min−1离心10 min(4 ℃),上清液为酶提取液。酶活性测定采用麦芽糖酶试剂盒(南京建成科技有限公司生产)。具体方法参照说明书。
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①RNA 提取。称取样品0.5 g,使用宝生物工程(大连)有限公司RNAiso Plus试剂盒提取RNA。微量分光光度计检测样品RNA的浓度和纯度,1.2%琼脂糖电泳检测RNA的质量。②反转录及cDNA质量检测。采用宝生物工程(大连)有限公司PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kitwith gDNA Eraser(perfect real time)试剂盒。具体方法参照说明书。③cDNA全长及启动子克隆。参照毛竹基因组数据库中PeAMY和PeBAM基因序列设计基因全长和定量引物(表1),选择毛竹NTB基因作为内参基因。具体方法参照说明书。④基因表达检测(qRT-PCR)。采用宝生物工程(大连)有限公司SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM(perfect real time)试剂盒。具体方法参照说明书。
表 1 引物信息
Table 1. Primer information
基因名称 序列 用途 PeAMY-F CATTTCTTCGACTGGGGCCT 基因全长扩增 PeAMY-R GATCACCTTGCCGTCGATCT PeAMY-F TTTTTGCGGTGGGCGAATAC 荧光定量PCR PeAMY-R AAATGCGGCACACAACACTC PeBAM-F CGGCAGGATTCTACAACCCT 基因全长扩增 PeBAM-R CCTTCAATGTTCTGGGTAGCC PeBAM-F CAGCGAAGCCGAGGAATGAT 荧光定量PCR PeBAM-R AATGGGGGTAGCTGACGGTA PeNTB-F TCTTGTTTGACACCGAAGAGGAG 内参基因 PeNTB-R AATAGCTGTCCCTGGAGGAGTT -
所有数据均为5次重复的平均值±标准误差。荧光定量数据按照下列公式计算:相对表达量=2−ΔΔCt[23],使用内参基因校正拷贝数,利用Origin 9.0软件(Origin Lab公司, 美国)进行统计分析和作图。
Gene expression of starch decomposing enzymes in Phyllostachys edulis stems during the rapid growth period
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摘要:
目的 揭示毛竹Phyllostachys edulis茎秆内α-淀粉酶(AMY)和β-淀粉酶(BAM)以及相关基因表达对毛竹快速生长的调控机制。 方法 以毛竹笋竹为试材,测定茎秆不同时间(10:00、14:00、18:00、22:00、2:00、6:00)和不同节间(第7、10、13、16节)内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)质量分数、α-淀粉酶活性和β-淀粉酶活性以及PeAMY和PeBAM基因表达。 结果 毛竹茎秆NSC质量分数白天较高,18:00之后逐渐降低,第7节和第10节葡萄糖质量分数2:00分别比18:00降低了25.4%和27.2%(P<0.01),果糖分别降低了50.0%和34.1%(P<0.01),蔗糖分别降低了49.8%和27.4%(P<0.01),淀粉6:00分别比18:00降低了27.3%和23.2%(P<0.01);BAM活性和基因表达在白天较稳定,18:00之后极显著升高,黎明前逐渐下降,第7、10和13节22:00活性分别比18:00高90.5%,76.7%和50.5%(P<0.01),PeBAM基因表达2:00分别比18:00高1.8、1.8和1.7倍(P<0.01)。 结论 毛竹茎秆快速生长期白天生长慢,夜间生长快,茎秆发育和成熟是从下往上顺次推进的。毛竹茎秆快速生长与PeBAM基因的表达密切相关,BAM在毛竹茎秆淀粉降解中可能起主要作用。图4表1参38 Abstract:Objective The aim of this study is to reveal the regulating mechanism alpha amylase (AMY) and beta amylase (BAM) and related gene expression of Phyllostachys edulis in the rapid growth period. Method The stems of Ph. edulis shoots were used as materials, and the content of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), AMY and BAM activity, and gene expression of PeAMY and PeBAM were measured at different time (10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00, 2:00, 6:00) and different internodes (7, 10, 13, 16). Result The NSC content of bamboo stems was higher in the daytime, and gradually decreased after 18:00. At 2:00, the glucose content in the 7th and 10th internodes decreased by 25.4% and 27.2% (P<0.01), fructose by 50.0% and 34.1%, respectively (P<0.01), sucrose by 49.8% and 27.4%, respectively (P<0.01). Starch content at 6:00 decreased by 27.3% and 23.2%, respectively (P<0.01). The activity and gene expression of BAM were stable in the daytime, increased significantly after 18:00, and gradually decreased before dawn. BAM activity of the 7th, 10th and 13th internodes was 90.5%, 76.7% and 50.5% higher at 22:00 than at 18:00 (P<0.01). The PeBAM gene expression was 1.8, 1.8 and 1.7 times higher at 2:00 than at 18:00 (P<0.01). Conclusion During the period of rapid growth, the stem of Ph. edulis grows slowly in the daytime and quickly at night. The development and maturation of stems are promoted from bottom to top. The rapid growth of Ph. edulis is closely related to the expression of PeBAM gene. BAM may play a key role in starch degradation. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.] -
Key words:
- forest tree breeding /
- Phyllostachys edulis /
- rapid growth /
- non-structural carbohydrates /
- amylase /
- gene expression
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表 1 引物信息
Table 1. Primer information
基因名称 序列 用途 PeAMY-F CATTTCTTCGACTGGGGCCT 基因全长扩增 PeAMY-R GATCACCTTGCCGTCGATCT PeAMY-F TTTTTGCGGTGGGCGAATAC 荧光定量PCR PeAMY-R AAATGCGGCACACAACACTC PeBAM-F CGGCAGGATTCTACAACCCT 基因全长扩增 PeBAM-R CCTTCAATGTTCTGGGTAGCC PeBAM-F CAGCGAAGCCGAGGAATGAT 荧光定量PCR PeBAM-R AATGGGGGTAGCTGACGGTA PeNTB-F TCTTGTTTGACACCGAAGAGGAG 内参基因 PeNTB-R AATAGCTGTCCCTGGAGGAGTT -
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