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土壤碳库是森林生态系统碳库中最重要的组成部分,其微小的变化都会对森林碳库产生极大的影响[1]。如何增加土壤固碳来减缓温室效应是目前森林生态系统碳管理面临的重要挑战之一。作为森林经营管理的一项重要手段,间伐可改变林分密度、林下植被、土壤小气候和土壤养分,进而影响土壤有机碳的输入、输出和固持[2−4]。研究表明:在中国亚热带森林生态系统中,土壤异养呼吸占总呼吸的比例为60%[5−7]。因此,探究间伐后森林土壤异养呼吸的变化,对以“固碳增汇”为导向的森林碳汇经营具有重要的理论和实践意义。
土壤异养呼吸是土壤微生物分解有机质释放二氧化碳(CO2)的过程,是土壤呼吸的重要组成部分[8],也是准确估算陆地生态系统碳平衡的关键因子[9]。土壤异养呼吸大小与植被类型、土壤类型、微生物活性等生物因素有关,同时易受土壤温度和土壤水分等环境因素的影响[10]。研究表明:间伐后土壤温度升高,增强了间伐剩余物中微生物的分解作用,从而导致异养呼吸速率升高[6, 10]。温度敏感性系数(Q10)是衡量土壤异养呼吸强度的重要参数,也是衡量全球变暖与土壤碳循环之间反馈作用强度的关键指标[11]。它反映了土壤温度每增加10 ℃,土壤异养呼吸增加的程度[12]。目前,关于间伐处理引起的异养呼吸Q10的变化主要有升高[6]和降低[11]2种结论。总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物区系等都是影响Q10的主要因素[12]。然而,由于土壤类型、林分类型以及测定方法等的差异,Q10对间伐的响应仍存在较大不确定性。国内外关于间伐对土壤呼吸的研究集中于纯林与人工林。如丁驰等[13]研究了间伐和施肥对亚热带杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林土壤温室气体排放的影响;LEI等[6]研究发现:15%的轻度间伐显著促进了马尾松Pinus massoniana林土壤异养呼吸和总呼吸速率。但是,目前尚不清楚间伐如何影响天然针阔混交林土壤的异养呼吸。
秦岭是中国东半壁的南北气候分界线,其独特的地理位置、特殊的自然条件和复杂的地形地貌,造就了该地区丰富多样的植被类型和较高的生物多样性。松栎混交林是秦岭的主要林分类型,对整个地区的森林生态系统碳汇都有着极其重要的作用[14]。本研究选择秦岭不同间伐恢复年限的松栎混交林为研究对象,探究间伐对混交林生长季土壤异养呼吸通量及温度敏感性的影响,以期为该地区森林碳汇经营提供科学依据。
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研究区位于陕西宁东林业局新矿林场,该区地处北亚热带北缘的秦岭山地(33°20′~33°26′N,108°32′~108°34′E),海拔为1 095.0~2 591.0 m,年均气温为8.5 ℃,年平均降水量为908.0 mm。土壤为山地黄棕壤,土层厚度为30~60 cm。研究区属于中国南方亚热带常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林经营区,该区为了恢复地带性顶级群落,采取低强度间伐和林冠下补植等保护经营作业法。林分类型为20世纪70年代末采伐后天然更新形成的次生松栎混交林,郁闭度约0.6。主要建群树种为油松Pinus tabuliformis、锐齿栎Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata、华山松Pinus armandii,伴生树种有漆树Toxicodendron vernicifluum、小叶女贞Ligustrum quihoui、青榨槭Acer davidii等。林下植被以卫矛Euonymus alatus、木姜子Litsea pungens、悬钩子属Rubus、披针叶薹草Carex lanceolata、龙牙草Agrimonia pilosa、茜草Rubia cordifolia为主。
选择该林场2010和2018年分批完成间伐强度约15%的作业林班,主要针对胸径<8 cm和受损树木进行伐除作业。同一小班或临近小班林分生长条件相对一致,完全随机设置3种处理:未间伐样地(ck)、间伐12 a样地(12 a)和间伐4 a样地(4 a)。每个处理各设置4块20 m×30 m的样方,各样地具体情况如表1所示。
表 1 样地林分信息
Table 1. Information on forest stands of sample plots
处理 主要树种 胸径/cm 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 郁闭度 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 未间伐 华山松、锐齿栎 14.6±0.9 1 420±88 0.7 18.3±5.4 1 585.0±107.1 间伐4 a 油松、锐齿栎 14.4±2.0 1 208±355 0.5 25.0±5.0 1 449.8±21.5 间伐12 a 油松、锐齿栎 13.7±1.2 1 254±207 0.6 8.8±2.2 1 757.6±34.9 说明:数值为平均值±标准差。华山松P. armandii,油松P. tabuliformis,锐齿栎 Q. aliena var. acuteserrata。 -
于2022年5月在每个样地内S型采集土壤样品(7个点),在0~20 cm土层取1 kg的土壤,将土样中的砂石和植物根系去除,混合均匀后装入无菌袋。带回实验室放置于4 ℃冰箱保存。土壤总有机碳(SOC)采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定[15];土壤容重(BD)采用环刀法测定;土壤含水量(SWC)采用烘干法测定;土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)采用元素分析仪测定;土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)采用氯仿熏蒸法-K2SO4法提取,后用总有机碳分析仪测定;可溶性有机碳(DOC)采用总有机碳分析仪测定。
原位土壤-大气界面异养呼吸通量采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定[16]。采样前,于2021年11月采用壕沟法隔绝根部,并在样方内的垂直土壤剖面安装聚氯乙烯(PVC)呼吸环和静态箱。于2022年5—10月,在无降水的白天进行气体采样,2周采集气体样品1次(部分月份因天气原因只采集了1次)。每个箱体采气时间为1 h,采4针,2针的时间间隔约20 min。采集的气体存放于20 mL真空气瓶,使用气相色谱仪检测CO2含量。
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原位土壤-大气界面异养呼吸通量(F)计算如下:
$$ F=\rho \times \frac{V}{A}\times \frac{P}{{P}_{0}}\times \frac{{T}_{0}}{T}\times \frac{{\rm{d}}{C}_{t}}{{{\rm{d}}}{t}} 。 $$ (1) 式(1)中:F为单位时间单位面积内静态箱的CO2通量(g·m−2·h−1);$ \rho $为标准大气压下的气体密度;V为腔室内的气体体积;A为腔室覆盖面积;P为采样点的大气压;T为采样时的绝对温度;P0、T0分别为标准大气压和绝对温度(273.15 K);dCt/dt为采样期间气体体积分数(Ct,μL·L−1)随时间(t,min)变化的斜率,需满足回归系数(R2)>0.9。
土壤异养呼吸累计排放通量计算如下:
$$ E=\sum _{t=1}^{n}({D}_{t+1}-{D}_{t})\frac{{(F}_{t+1}+{F}_{t})}{2} 。 $$ (2) 式(2)中:$ E $为异养呼吸累计排放量(kg·m−2);$ n $为测定总次数;t为测定时间;$ {D}_{t+1}-{D}_{t} $表示相邻2次测定的时间间隔(d);$ {{F}_{t}\mathrm{和}F}_{t+1} $分别为相邻2次采样的异养呼吸速率(g·m−2·d−1)。
通过全球气候的第5代大气再分析系统ERA-5 (the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather)得到0~7 cm的土壤温度数据。土壤异养呼吸速率与土壤温度之间的关系采用Vant’Hoff指数模型拟合,公式如下:
$$ R=a{{\rm{e}}}^{bT} 。 $$ (3) 式(3)中:R为土壤异养呼吸速率(g·m−2·h−1);T为0~7 cm土壤温度(℃);a为0 ℃时的异养呼吸速率;b为温度反应系数。
温度敏感性系数(Q10)计算如下:
$$ {Q}_{10}={{\rm{e}}}^{10b} 。 $$ (4) 式(4)中:$ {Q}_{10} $为温度升高10 ℃时土壤呼吸速率变化的倍数,可衡量土壤呼吸速率对温度的响应程度[17];b为温度反应系数。
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采用SPSS 26 对不同处理土壤异养呼吸速率和土壤性质进行单因素方差分析和最小显著差异法检验分析;采用指数增长模型分析土壤异养呼吸通量和土壤温度间的关系;进而计算不同处理的温度敏感性系数(Q10);使用GraphPad Prism 8制图。所有数据为平均值±标准差。
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如表2所示:间伐后土壤pH相比对照显著上升(P<0.05);微生物生物量碳均显著降低(P<0.05);间伐4 a样地的土壤总有机碳质量分数显著下降(P<0.05),间伐12 a的样地与未间伐样地无显著差异;间伐4 a样地的土壤碳氮比显著高于间伐12 a样地(P<0.05),但与未间伐样地相比皆无显著差异;间伐4 a样地的土壤含水量显著低于其他2个样地(P<0.05),间伐12 a样地与未间伐样地无显著差异。
表 2 土壤基本理化性质
Table 2. Soil basic physicochemical properties
处理 pH 容重/
(g·cm−3)含水量/% 总有机碳/
(g·kg−1)碳氮比 全氮/(g·kg−1) 可溶性有机碳/
(mg·kg−1)微生物生物量碳/
(g·kg−1)未间伐 4.9±0.1 b 1.1±0.1 a 35.9±3.6 a 39.6±6.1 a 12.6±0.6 a 3.4±0.5 a 63.0±2.5 a 1.8±0.1 a 间伐4 a 5.8±0.1 a 1.3±0.2 a 25.6±3.0 b 17.3±2.6 b 12.5±0.2 a 2.3±0.3 a 65.2±4.6 a 0.7±0.1 b 间伐12 a 5.7±0.1 a 1.2±0.1 a 37.2±1.5 a 29.2±1.3 ab 9.4±0.4 b 2.7±0.1 a 68.3±6.3 a 0.9±0.1 b 说明:不同字母表示同一理化性质在不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
不同间伐年限处理下,秦岭松栎混交林生长季土壤异养呼吸速率呈现“双峰型”变化规律(图1),通量峰值分别出现在6和10月。6月29日(间伐4 a和间伐12 a样地)、8月5日(未间伐和间伐12 a样地)和10月14日(间伐4 a和间伐12 a样地)的通量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余时间均无显著差异。整体来看,6月3个处理呼吸速率到达顶峰,未间伐、间伐4 a和间伐12 a样地的异养呼吸速率分别为0.38、0.39和0.44 g·m−2·h−1;9月未间伐、间伐4 a和间伐12 a样地的呼吸速率均最低,分别为0.23、0.19和0.19 g·m−2·h−1。
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秦岭松栎混交林生长季3种不同间伐年限处理下,土壤异养呼吸与土壤温度呈极显著指数正相关(P<0.001,图2)。在相同的土壤温度下,秦岭不同间伐恢复年限松栎混交林生长季土壤异养呼吸Q10从大到小依次为未间伐样地(1.47)、间伐12 a样地(1.41)、间伐4 a样地(1.40)。
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不同间伐年限下秦岭松栎混交林生长季土壤异养呼吸CO2累计排放量在3个处理间差异不显著(图3,P>0.05)。生长季各处理异养呼吸累计通量从大到小依次为间伐12 a样地 (1.13 kg·m−2)、间伐4 a样地(1.10 kg·m−2)、未间伐样地(1.06 kg·m−2)。间伐4 a和间伐12 a样地累计通量分别比未间伐样地高3.8%和6.7%。
Effects of thinning on soil heterotrophic respiration of oak-pine mixed forests in Qinling Mountains
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摘要:
目的 研究间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤异养呼吸的影响,可深入了解该地区间伐对森林土壤异养呼吸造成的碳损失情况,为研究区森林经营碳汇提供科学依据。 方法 以秦岭松栎混交林为研究对象,对未间伐样地(ck)、间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测生长季土壤异养呼吸速率的月变化,并计算各处理异养呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)。 结果 ①相比ck,间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地土壤微生物生物量碳均显著下降(P<0.05),土壤pH均显著上升(P<0.05),土壤总有机碳质量分数在间伐4 a的样地中显著下降(P<0.05)。间伐12 a样地的理化指标相比间伐4 a的样地更接近ck。②生长季土壤异养呼吸呈现“双峰型”变化规律,峰值分别出现在6和10月。异养呼吸累计通量在间伐后略有上升但不显著,不同样地从大到小依次为间伐12 a、间伐4 a、ck。③土壤温度与异养呼吸呈极显著指数正相关(P<0.001);间伐后Q10降低,不同样地Q10从大到小依次为ck、间伐12 a、间伐4 a。 结论 土壤温度是影响松栎混交林异养呼吸的关键因素。间伐没有导致秦岭松栎混交林异养呼吸通量显著增大。图3表2参34 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of thinning on soil heterotrophic respiration in oak-pine mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains, is aimed to better understand the carbon loss caused by forest soil heterotrophic respiration under thinning treatments, providing a scientific basis for forest management decisions in the study area. Method The static chamber-gas chromatography technique was employed to monitor the variations of soil heterotrophic respiration flux in the growing season for the unthinned plots (4 replicates, ck) and the thinning plots (4 replicates) 4 and 12 years ago (4 a and 12 a), respectively. The temperature sensitivities (Q10) of heterotrophic respiration were also calculated. Result (1) There was a remarkable decrease in the soil microbial biomass carbon content (P<0.05), but a significant increase in the the soil pH (P<0.05) in both 4 a and 12 a compared to ck, while the decrease in the soil organic carbon content of 4 a after thinning was significant (P<0.05). Generally, the soil physical and chemical index in 12 a were closer to that in the ck than the 4 a treatment. (2) The soil heterotrophic respiration during the growing season showed a “bimodal” pattern, and the peaks appeared in June and October, respectively. However the cumulative heterotrophic respiration increased after thinning but not significantly, with the order from large to small being 12 a>4 a>ck. (3) The soil temperature was significantly and exponentially correlated with the soil heterotrophic respiration (P<0.05). The temperature sensitivities Q10 decreased after thinning, with the order from large to small being ck>12 a>4 a. Conclusion The soil temperature is a key factor affecting soil heterotrophic respiration in oak-pine mixed forests and the thinning treatment do not promote soil heterotrophic respiration of the oak-pine mixed forests in the growing season at the Qinling Mountains. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 34 ref.] -
表 1 样地林分信息
Table 1. Information on forest stands of sample plots
处理 主要树种 胸径/cm 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 郁闭度 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 未间伐 华山松、锐齿栎 14.6±0.9 1 420±88 0.7 18.3±5.4 1 585.0±107.1 间伐4 a 油松、锐齿栎 14.4±2.0 1 208±355 0.5 25.0±5.0 1 449.8±21.5 间伐12 a 油松、锐齿栎 13.7±1.2 1 254±207 0.6 8.8±2.2 1 757.6±34.9 说明:数值为平均值±标准差。华山松P. armandii,油松P. tabuliformis,锐齿栎 Q. aliena var. acuteserrata。 表 2 土壤基本理化性质
Table 2. Soil basic physicochemical properties
处理 pH 容重/
(g·cm−3)含水量/% 总有机碳/
(g·kg−1)碳氮比 全氮/(g·kg−1) 可溶性有机碳/
(mg·kg−1)微生物生物量碳/
(g·kg−1)未间伐 4.9±0.1 b 1.1±0.1 a 35.9±3.6 a 39.6±6.1 a 12.6±0.6 a 3.4±0.5 a 63.0±2.5 a 1.8±0.1 a 间伐4 a 5.8±0.1 a 1.3±0.2 a 25.6±3.0 b 17.3±2.6 b 12.5±0.2 a 2.3±0.3 a 65.2±4.6 a 0.7±0.1 b 间伐12 a 5.7±0.1 a 1.2±0.1 a 37.2±1.5 a 29.2±1.3 ab 9.4±0.4 b 2.7±0.1 a 68.3±6.3 a 0.9±0.1 b 说明:不同字母表示同一理化性质在不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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