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中国每天产生约5万t厨余垃圾,占城市生活垃圾的40%~60%[1]。现有的厨余垃圾处理模式中,饲料化的环境效应最好且成本效益高[2]。利用资源昆虫进行垃圾处理是目前厨余垃圾资源化利用的研究热点,拟黑多刺蚁Polyrhachis vicina幼蚁、黑水虻Hermetia illucens、黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor等昆虫均可以作为资源昆虫处理垃圾[3−5]。黑水虻可有效分解厨余垃圾并将其转化为油脂和蛋白质等高价值生物质[6],黄粉虫幼虫对厨余垃圾的利用率可达38.88%[7]。厨余垃圾含有一定量的金属元素,一般较难对其进行有效处理[8−10]。有研究表明:白蚁与微生物的共同作用,可使木质纤维素材料得到高效的利用[11],据统计,白蚁1 a可以消耗30~70亿t木质纤维素[12]。白蚁还可以通过取食腐烂的有机物和木材,富集重金属[13]。在培菌白蚁肠道和菌圃中存在不同质量分数的金属离子,这些金属离子可能对肠道共生微生物和木质纤维素降解酶的活力有一定影响[14−16]。白蚁肠道系统中许多种酶需要与某些金属离子相结合,来实现其催化活性,这些酶的催化活性在许多生物过程中起到至关重要的作用,例如产氢过程、呼吸过程和碳水化合物水解过程等[17−18]。
黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus对林木、绿化、堤坝等具有严重危害性,但同时也是一种重要的资源昆虫,在自然环境下,它可以高效降解木质纤维素[19]。黑翅土白蚁是否具有处理厨余垃圾的潜力目前尚不明确。本研究拟探究食物中含有的Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+和Mg2+对黑翅土白蚁消化代谢的影响,为生产上仿生利用黑翅土白蚁来处理农林废弃物和厨余垃圾提供了新的思路。
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黑翅土白蚁对含Al3+、Ca2+和Fe3+饵料的最大可取食质量分数均为1.00 g·kg−1,对含Mg2+饵料的最大可取食质量分数为10.00 g·kg−1(图1)。对Al3+、Ca2+ 、Fe3+和Mg2+ 4种金属离子而言,黑翅土白蚁总体上偏好取食质量分数较低的饵料。同时,在供试的4种金属离子中,黑翅土白蚁对Mg2+的接受程度最高。
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取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+、Ca2+或Fe3+的饵料后,黑翅土白蚁虫体对应的金属元素Al、Ca和Fe质量分数与ck之间无显著差异(图2A~C)。取食含有1.00 g·kg−1Ca2+的饵料后,黑翅土白蚁虫体内Al质量分数最低,与ck差异显著(P<0.05)。由图2D可见:取食含有10.00 g·kg−1Mg2+饵料后,黑翅土白蚁虫体内Mg 质量分数最高,为6.18 mg·g−1,与ck和取食其他3种金属元素的均差异显著(P<0.05)。说明只有取食含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+的饵料,Mg会在黑翅土白蚁体内富集,而其他3种金属元素不会在黑翅土白蚁体内富集。
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取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+或Ca2+的饵料后,其菌圃内对应的金属元素Al和Ca质量分数与ck之间无显著差异(图3A~B)。取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+或含有10.00 g·kg−1Mg2+的饵料后,菌圃内对应的Fe质量分数为1.29 mg·g−1,Mg为2.52 mg·g−1,均显著高于ck (P<0.05)(图3C~D)。其中取食含有10.00 g·kg−1Mg2+饵料后菌圃内的Al质量分数较ck显著提高(P<0.05),取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+的饵料后,菌圃中Mg质量分数较ck显著降低(P<0.05)。说明取食含金属离子的饵料对黑翅土白蚁新建菌圃内相应金属元素质量分数有一定影响。就本研究而言,黑翅土白蚁取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+或含有10.00 g·kg−1·Mg2+饵料后,对应的金属元素Fe和Mg会在菌圃中富集。
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表1数据表明:1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+、Ca2+和Fe3+显著促进了黑翅土白蚁虫体内的漆酶活性(P<0.05),说明上述质量分数的3种金属离子可提高白蚁的木质素降解能力;1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+显著抑制了新建菌圃内的漆酶活性(P<0.05),其酶活性仅为62.91 nmol·g−1·min−1,但被摄入食物中的10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+显著促进(P<0.05),酶活性达到了419.65 nmol·g−1·min−1,说明Fe在菌圃富集会降低菌圃微生物的木质素降解能力,而Mg正好相反。1.00 g·kg−1 Ca2+和Fe3+显著抑制了黑翅土白蚁虫体内的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05),但10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+则对该酶起到显著促进作用(P<0.05),说明不同金属离子在白蚁体内可能存在竞争关系,且Mg的富集会提高黑翅土白蚁虫体内的纤维素降解能力。1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+显著促进了新建菌圃中的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05),其酶活性为1 098.77 μg·g−1·min−1,但10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+显著抑制了新建菌圃中的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05),其酶活性为745.40 μg·g−1·min−1。说明Fe在菌圃富集会提高菌圃微生物的纤维素降解能力,而Mg在菌圃富集则会降低菌圃微生物的纤维素降解能力。
表 1 黑翅土白蚁虫体内及新建菌圃内漆酶和纤维素酶活性
Table 1. Activities of laccase and cellulase in the body of O. formosanus and in new-built fungus combs
处理 漆酶活性/(nmol·g−1·min−1) 纤维素酶活性/(μg·g−1·min−1) 虫体 菌圃 虫体 菌圃 ck 2.84±0.66 c 227.79±18.67 b 1129.21±111.55 b 923.25±31.04 b Al 15.65±2.48 a 151.11±17.25 bc 1253.91±54.33 b 932.67±36.95 b Ca 9.81±0.44 b 146.36±40.72 bc 682.67±70.10 c 907.02±34.90 b Fe 7.38±1.30 b 62.91±7.74 c 615.41±83.35 c 1098.77±108.31 a Mg 1.90±0.64 c 419.65±18.62 a 1600.71±13.19 a 745.40±32.09 c 说明:Al指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+饵料;Ca指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Ca2+饵料;Fe指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+饵料;Mg指含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+饵料。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。
Effects of metal ions on digestion and metabolism of Odontotermes formosanus
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摘要:
目的 探究金属离子对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus消化代谢过程的影响,挖掘黑翅土白蚁对含有金属离子的厨余垃圾和农林废弃物进行资源化处理的潜在价值。 方法 根据浓度梯度法,将含有不同质量分数Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+和Mg2+的饵料供给黑翅土白蚁,确定黑翅土白蚁对饵料中金属离子的最大可取食质量分数。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定黑翅土白蚁虫体内及其新建菌圃内的对应金属元素质量分数,明确饵料中Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+和Mg2+对虫体内及新建菌圃内对应金属元素质量分数的影响。采用试剂盒法测定黑翅土白蚁虫体内及其新建菌圃内漆酶和纤维素酶的活性,确定饵料中Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+和Mg2+对上述酶活性的影响。 结果 黑翅土白蚁对饵料中Al3+、Ca2+和Fe3+的最大可取食质量分数均为1.00 g·kg−1,对饵料中Mg2+的最大可取食质量分数为10.00 g·kg−1。黑翅土白蚁取食含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+的饵料后,其虫体内和菌圃内都发生了Mg的富集;取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+的饵料后,Fe仅在菌圃内富集。取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+的饵料,会显著提高黑翅土白蚁虫体内的漆酶活性(P<0.05);取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Ca2+的饵料,会显著提高黑翅土白蚁虫体内的漆酶活性(P<0.05),但会显著降低纤维素酶活性(P<0.05);取食含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+的饵料,会显著提高黑翅土白蚁虫体内的漆酶活性和菌圃中的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05),但会显著降低菌圃中的漆酶活性和黑翅土白蚁虫体内的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05);取食含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+的饵料,会显著提高黑翅土白蚁虫体内的纤维素酶活性和菌圃中的漆酶活性(P<0.05),但会显著降低菌圃中的纤维素酶活性(P<0.05)。 结论 黑翅土白蚁可取食分别含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+、Ca2+和Fe3+的饵料和含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+的饵料,1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+可以提高黑翅土白蚁和菌圃微生物对木质素的联合降解能力。黑翅土白蚁具有资源化处理厨余垃圾和农林废弃物的应用潜力。图3表1参30 Abstract:Objective This study aims to explore the role of metal ions in influencing the digestive generation process of Odontotermes formosanus, which is beneficial to explore the potential value of resource treatment of agricultural and forestry waste and kitchen waste containing metal ions by O. formosanus. Method According to the concentration gradient method, the bait containing different mass fraction of Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ was fed to O. formosanus to determine the maximum edible mass fraction of metal ions in bait for O. formosanus. ICP-OES was used to measure the corresponding metal elements in O. formosanus body and new-built fungus combs, and to obtain the effects of feeding baits containing Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ on the corresponding metal elements mass fraction in O. formosanus body and new-built fungus combs. The activities of laccase and cellulase in O. formosanus body and new-built fungus combs were determined by kit method, and the effects of feeding baits containing Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ on the activities of these enzymes were determined. Result The maximum edible mass fraction of Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ in baits of O. formosanus was 1.00 g·kg−1, and Mg2+ in baits was 10.00 g·kg−1. Mg enrichment occurred both in O. formosanus body and new-built fungus combs after feeding baits containing 10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+; Fe was only enriched in new-built fungus combs after feeding baits containing 1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+. The laccase activity in O. formosanus body improved significantly after feeding baits containing 1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+. The laccase activity in O. formosanus body improved significantly, but the cellulase activity reduced significantly after feeding baits containing 1.00 g·kg−1 Ca2+. The laccase activity in O. formosanus body and cellulase activity in new-built fungus combs improved significantly, but the laccase activity in new-built fungus combs and cellulase activity in O. formosanus body reduced significantly after feeding baits containing 1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+. The cellulase activity in O. formosanus body and the laccase activity in new-built fungus combs improved significantly, but the cellulase activity in new-built fungus combs reduced significantly after feeding foods containing 10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+. Conclusion O. formosanus can feed on baits containing 1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+, Ca2+ or Fe3+ or 10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+, and 1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+ can improve the combined degradation of lignin by O. formosanus and fungus-comb microbiome. O. formosanus have application potential for resource treatment of agricultural and forestry waste and kitchen waste. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 30 ref.] -
Key words:
- Odontotermes formosanus /
- fungus combs /
- metal ion /
- enzyme activity
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表 1 黑翅土白蚁虫体内及新建菌圃内漆酶和纤维素酶活性
Table 1. Activities of laccase and cellulase in the body of O. formosanus and in new-built fungus combs
处理 漆酶活性/(nmol·g−1·min−1) 纤维素酶活性/(μg·g−1·min−1) 虫体 菌圃 虫体 菌圃 ck 2.84±0.66 c 227.79±18.67 b 1129.21±111.55 b 923.25±31.04 b Al 15.65±2.48 a 151.11±17.25 bc 1253.91±54.33 b 932.67±36.95 b Ca 9.81±0.44 b 146.36±40.72 bc 682.67±70.10 c 907.02±34.90 b Fe 7.38±1.30 b 62.91±7.74 c 615.41±83.35 c 1098.77±108.31 a Mg 1.90±0.64 c 419.65±18.62 a 1600.71±13.19 a 745.40±32.09 c 说明:Al指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Al3+饵料;Ca指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Ca2+饵料;Fe指含有1.00 g·kg−1 Fe3+饵料;Mg指含有10.00 g·kg−1 Mg2+饵料。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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