Volume 37 Issue 6
Dec.  2020
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JIN Di, ZHANG Mingru, WANG Jiajia, GAO Lei, HOU Ping. Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(6): 1054-1063. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666
Citation: JIN Di, ZHANG Mingru, WANG Jiajia, GAO Lei, HOU Ping. Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(6): 1054-1063. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666

Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666
  • Received Date: 2019-11-09
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-03-03
  • Publish Date: 2020-12-01
  •   Objective  To analyze the causes for the development of Dicranopteris dichotoma monodominant synusium, photoresponse process and primary photochemical reaction in D. dichotoma were studied.  Method  Different levels of light intensity (slight shade, L1, medium shade, L2 and heavy shade, L3) and soil moisture (sufficient moisture, W1, moderate drought, W2 and severe drought, W3) were set, compared with all light treatment, and the change characteristics of photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic parameters of potted D. dichotoma were analyzed.  Result  (1) Under slight shading, severe drought significantly reduced Pn, YAQ and Pmax of D. dichotoma, and the Pn of sufficient moisture and moderate water control was approximately 34.4%−69.2% higher than that of ck; (2) Under medium and heavy shade, Pn between three water control treatments was similar and slightly higher than that of ck, and there was no significant difference in LCP and Rd (P>0.05), which indicated that the increase of shade degree could alleviate the negative effect of water deficit on the photosynthetic parameters of D. dichotoma; (3) Under the same soil moisture, the fluorescence parameters showed a change characteristic of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of shade degree; (4) Severe drought stress reduced the photosynthetic mechanism capacity of D. dichotoma under slight and medium shade; under heavy shade, the ψO, φEo, energy flow parameters and PIABS growed upward with the decrease of soil moisture, which showed that D. dichotoma had obvious drought resistance in low light environment; (5) Shade and drought did not significantly inhibit the PIABS and PItotal, indicating that PSⅡ of D. dichotoma was not seriously damaged.  Conclusion  It is considered that the combination of medium shade and sufficient moisture is more conducive for potted D. dichotoma to accumulate photosynthate. Under medium shade and moderate drought, potted D. dichotoma has the highest activity of PSⅡ, with a strong adaptability showed to the changes of shade environment and soil moisture. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
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Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666

Abstract:   Objective  To analyze the causes for the development of Dicranopteris dichotoma monodominant synusium, photoresponse process and primary photochemical reaction in D. dichotoma were studied.  Method  Different levels of light intensity (slight shade, L1, medium shade, L2 and heavy shade, L3) and soil moisture (sufficient moisture, W1, moderate drought, W2 and severe drought, W3) were set, compared with all light treatment, and the change characteristics of photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic parameters of potted D. dichotoma were analyzed.  Result  (1) Under slight shading, severe drought significantly reduced Pn, YAQ and Pmax of D. dichotoma, and the Pn of sufficient moisture and moderate water control was approximately 34.4%−69.2% higher than that of ck; (2) Under medium and heavy shade, Pn between three water control treatments was similar and slightly higher than that of ck, and there was no significant difference in LCP and Rd (P>0.05), which indicated that the increase of shade degree could alleviate the negative effect of water deficit on the photosynthetic parameters of D. dichotoma; (3) Under the same soil moisture, the fluorescence parameters showed a change characteristic of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of shade degree; (4) Severe drought stress reduced the photosynthetic mechanism capacity of D. dichotoma under slight and medium shade; under heavy shade, the ψO, φEo, energy flow parameters and PIABS growed upward with the decrease of soil moisture, which showed that D. dichotoma had obvious drought resistance in low light environment; (5) Shade and drought did not significantly inhibit the PIABS and PItotal, indicating that PSⅡ of D. dichotoma was not seriously damaged.  Conclusion  It is considered that the combination of medium shade and sufficient moisture is more conducive for potted D. dichotoma to accumulate photosynthate. Under medium shade and moderate drought, potted D. dichotoma has the highest activity of PSⅡ, with a strong adaptability showed to the changes of shade environment and soil moisture. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]

JIN Di, ZHANG Mingru, WANG Jiajia, GAO Lei, HOU Ping. Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(6): 1054-1063. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666
Citation: JIN Di, ZHANG Mingru, WANG Jiajia, GAO Lei, HOU Ping. Effects of shading and drought stress on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of potted Dicranopteris dichotoma[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(6): 1054-1063. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190666
  • 光照和土壤水分状况直接影响植物的光合作用、形态特征乃至生态适合度[1-2]。一般地,强光与弱光都将产生光胁迫效应。盛夏午间强光会引起植物光合速率出现谷值,严重时导致植物叶片萎蔫甚至枯死;持续处于弱光生境也会使植株光合效率降低、生理生化过程改变[3]。土壤水分含量的变化同样影响植物的光合速率与形态建成,但一定程度的缺水会引起植物更为活跃的光合生理过程[4]。资源类或条件类生态因子的变化与植物光合生理响应受到众多学者的关注,较多研究聚焦于单因子梯度变化对植物产生的生态效应,如不同光照条件下活血丹Glechoma longituba叶绿体超微结构、光合作用和次生代谢产物的积累分析[5],不同土壤水分条件下七叶一枝花Paris polyphylla光合特性及皂苷含量的研究[6]。新近研究关注2个生态因子对植物的复合生态效应,如在弱光环境下,适当水分胁迫可缓解披针叶茴香Illicium lanceolatum栽培过程中弱光胁迫带来的生长限制效应[7];适度遮光与适度干旱协同提高了荩草Arthraxon hispidus的光合能力[8]。设置双因素控制试验,模拟自然生境主要生态因子的复合影响,研究结果更接近于植物对野外条件的生态响应[9-10]。通过叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线可分析出大量PSⅡ反应中心原初光化学信息[11]。强光和水分亏缺会降低PSⅡ原初光能转换能力[12];严重的干旱胁迫会使植物叶片O-J-I-P曲线变形为O-K-J-I-P曲线[13]。芒萁Dicranopteris dichotoma属于中国亚热带低山丘陵区次生植被的标志种和识别种[14-16],对土壤条件变化表现出较强可塑性[17],能够密集生长于马尾松Pinus massoniana、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata等单优群落下层,杜鹃Rhododendron simsii灌丛下层及林缘,形成单优草本层片[18-19],表明芒萁分布地段的光强与水分因子呈现梯度变化,推测单优草本层片的形成与芒萁对光强和土壤水分梯度变化的适应性存在密切的生态关系。由此提出如下猜测,强光下充足的土壤水分可能会减轻芒萁的强光胁迫,而弱光下适当减少土壤水分也可能会减轻芒萁的弱光胁迫。为此,本研究通过设置遮光梯度和土壤水分梯度控制实验,模拟芒萁野外生境,测定盆栽芒萁光合生理参数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数,分析芒萁光合生理过程对光照强度与土壤水分的生态响应特征,探究芒萁生长分布扩散与光强、土壤水分变化的生态关系,为调控芒萁单优层片、促进森林更新提供可借鉴的理论依据。

  • 实验地位于浙江农林大学东湖校区(30°15′28″N,119°43′35″E),全年降水量1 628.6 mm,全年平均气温16.4 ℃,年日照时数1 847.3 h,无霜期约237 d。芒萁幼苗采于杭州市临安区玲珑山(30°13′05″N,119°40′23″E)海拔160 m处,选取长势良好且高度基本一致的幼苗100株,于2018年5月栽植于40 cm(长)×21 cm(宽)×17 cm(高)的长方形花盆内。栽培基质为马尾松单优群落下层表土(田间持水量为27.87%),每盆定植1株。设置3个梯度的遮光大棚,透光率分别为35.96%(轻度遮光,记为L1),13.00%(中度遮光,记为L2)和4.75%(高度遮光,记为L3)。将芒萁幼苗放置于L2遮阳网下进行缓苗。2个月后将成活的盆栽芒萁(简称芒萁)随机分成10组,10 盆·组−1,1组移至全光下作为对照组(ck),其余移至3个遮光强度的大棚内,每个遮光强度下设置3个土壤水分梯度,土壤相对含水量分别为田间持水量的75%~80%(充足水分,记为W1),50%~55%(中度干旱,记为W2),25%~30%(重度干旱,记为W3);ck充足水分处理。土壤水分处理90 d后,测定芒萁光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数。

  • 利用Li-6400XT光合测定仪于2018年10月晴天的8:30−11:30(光合有效辐射727~1 229 μmol·m−2·s−1),测定芒萁叶片的光合气体交换参数。测定前,让待测叶片在饱和光(1 500 μmol·m−2·s−1)下照射30 min,使叶片充分适应。设定光合有效辐射梯度依次为2 000、1 500、1 200、1 000、800、500、300、100、50、30、10和0 μmol·m−2·s−1。测定已设定光合有效辐射下的净光合速率(Pn)。每个处理选择3盆芒萁,每盆重复打点3次,计算平均值。利用光合助手软件(Photosynth Assistant)对PnPAR光响应曲线进行拟合[20],计算光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)等光合特征参数。拟合方程为:

    其中:Pmax为最大净光合速率,Pmax≤50 μmol·m−2·s−1YAQ为表观量子效率,0<YAQ<0.125 μmol·mol−1PAR为光合有效辐射;K为光响应曲线的曲率,0<K<1.2;Rd为暗呼吸速率。

  • 利用便携式动态荧光仪(YZQ-500),测定不同处理下芒萁成熟叶片的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线(O-J-I-P曲线)。测定前将待测芒萁暗处理40 min,每个处理测3盆,每盆重复测定3次。从O-J-I-P曲线上可以直接获得如下参数:初始荧光FO=F50 μs;J点荧光FJ=F2 ms;I点荧光FI=F30 ms;P点荧光FP=FM。计算得到以下参数[21]:最大光化学效率φPo、J点相对可变荧光VJ、荧光诱导曲线的初始斜率MO、电子传递效率ψO、电子传递量子产额φEo、用于热耗散的量子比率φDo、单位面积吸收的光能ABS/CSM(在t=tFM时)、单位面积内反应中心的数量RC/CSM(在t=tFM时)、单位面积捕获的光能TRO/CSM(在t=tFM时)、单位面积电子传递的量子产额ETO/CSM(在t=tFM时)、单位面积的热耗散DIO/CSM(在t=tFM时)、以吸收光能为基础的性能指数PIABS和综合性能指数PItotal

  • 运用Excel对原始数据进行处理,计算平均值与标准差。借助SPSS 22.0软件,采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)对不同处理下芒萁的光合特征参数及叶绿素荧光动力学参数进行差异显著检验,采用最小显著差数法(LSD)进行多重比较分析。利用Origin 2018制图。

  • 图1可见:L1遮光处理下,芒萁的Pn变化从大到小依次为W1、W2、W3,其中W1与W2相近;W3PnPAR>100 μmol·m−2·s−1后就趋向平缓,与W1和W2形成明显的差异,PAR>500 μmol·m−2·s−1时,较W2下降超过30%,且低于ck,其余各遮光处理的Pn均高于ck,说明重度干旱使轻度遮光的芒萁Pn受到显著抑制。L2与L3的芒萁Pn变化大致相同,从大到小依次为W1、W3、W2,不同水分处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

    Figure 1.  Photoresponse curve of potted D. dichotoma leaf under different shading and soil moisture conditions

  • 分析表1可知:L1W1LSP显著高于其他遮光处理(P<0.05),与ck相比提升了10.5%,表明水分充足且轻度遮光能够提高芒萁的强光利用能力。L1处理下,随土壤水分的减少,芒萁的LSP降低,LCP先降低后升高,重度干旱使芒萁的光强生态幅缩小。遮光显著降低了芒萁的LCP(P<0.05),其最低值出现在L2W1,仅为ck的26.74%。L1遮光处理下,重度干旱显著降低了芒萁的YAQ(P<0.05),比ck低15.9%;L2芒萁的YAQ比ck高22.7%~27.3%,但水分处理之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。L1芒萁的Pmax随土壤水分减少而降低,其中W1和W2Pmax显著大于其他处理(P<0.05),分别达到ck的127.9%和120.4%,而W3Pmax出现最小值,为ck的80.7%;L2和L3芒萁的Pmax差异不显著(P>0.05)。ck和L1W1Rd显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);L2W1Rd为各处理间最低,为ck的41.28%,说明中度遮光和充足水分利于芒萁积累光合产物。总体而言,在L1遮光条件下,土壤水分处理对芒萁LSPPmaxYAQ的影响最为显著;而L2、L3处理下干旱胁迫未显著降低芒萁的光合参数。由此推测,干旱胁迫主要降低芒萁的强光利用能力,但不影响弱光利用能力。

    遮光水分光饱和点
    LSP/(µmol·m−2·s−1)
    光补偿点
    LCP/(µmol·m−2·s−1)
    表观量子效率
    YAQ/(µmol·mol−1)
    最大净光合速率
    Pmax /(µmol·m−2·s−1)
    暗呼吸速率
    Rd/(µmol·m−2·s−1)
    ck1 037.3±33.0 ab27.3±1.5 a0.044±0.006 bc7.644±0.479 bcd0.981±0.148 a
    L1W11 146.2±91.9 a20.4±10.4 b0.046±0.006 b9.780±0.955 a0.879±0.420 a
    W2979.6±174.0 bc10.7±3.8 c0.054±0.011 a9.207±1.128 a0.614±0.292 b
    W3820.7±138.9 de18.0±7.0 b0.037±0.012 c6.172±0.835 e0.554±0.027 b
    L2W1914.0±138.2 bcd7.3±1.5 c0.055±0.003 a7.805±1.028 bc0.405±0.065 b
    W2892.0±17.9 cde9.3±1.9 c0.054±0.005 a7.505±0.172 bcd0.486±0.060 b
    W31 021.8±40.0 b9.3±5.0 c0.056±0.004 a8.197±0.167 b0.448±0.194 b
    L3W1866.2±102.4 de8.0±3.3 c0.055±0.003 a7.357±0.578 cd0.416±0.144 b
    W2829.3±114.9 de10.0±2.0 c0.044±0.003 bc6.976±0.179 cde0.432±0.073 b
    W3786.2±39.8 e8.9±1.7 c0.045±0.005 b6.931±0.295 de0.413±0.077 b
      说明:数值为平均值±标准差。不同小写字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 1.  Photosynthetic and physiological parameters of potted D. dichotoma under different shading and soil moisture treatment

  • 分析图2可知:除ck外,不同遮光和土壤水分处理下芒萁叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线均具有O、J、I、P的典型特征位点,随着遮光强度的增加,荧光强度均在L2遮光处理明显上升,在L3遮光处理下降;ck的荧光曲线较为平缓,没有明显的J、I相,荧光强度明显低于遮光处理。L1遮光处理下,芒萁O-J-I-P曲线荧光强度从大到小依次为W1≈W2、W3,W3处理的芒萁在J-I处的荧光强度升幅低于W1和W2,说明重度干旱影响了芒萁PSⅡ反应中心受体侧初醌受体(QA)的积累。L2遮光处理下,荧光强度从大到小依次为W2、W1、W3,W2处理下的芒萁叶片获得最大的荧光产量。L3遮光处理下,芒萁在O点的荧光强度从大到小依次为W1、W2、W3,但在I点后荧光强度趋于相同,说明该光强条件下PSⅡ主要受弱光的抑制。

    Figure 2.  Effects of shading and soil moisture treatment on fast induction curves of chlorophyll fluorescence of potted D. dichotoma

  • 表2可知:ck的VJ最高,说明强光引起芒萁PSⅡ的活性反应中心关闭;L1和L2遮光处理下VJ的峰值出现在W3,而L3遮光处理下VJ的峰值出现在W1,即高度遮光的芒萁受到干旱胁迫时PSⅡ活性反应中心关闭程度减轻。MO代表QA被还原的最大速率,L3W1MO在各处理中最高,说明该处理下QA被还原的速率加快,同时PSⅡ向下游电子传递链传递电子的能力降低;MO较低的处理分别是L1W2、L2W1、L2W2、L3W3,说明适度遮光和中度干旱时芒萁叶片的光合反应中心较为活跃,高度遮光时干旱胁迫提高了芒萁PSⅡ的活性。φPo等同于Fv/Fm,在L1和L2处理下,不同水分处理间芒萁的φPo差异不显著(P>0.05);L3处理中,芒萁的φPo随土壤水分的减少而升高,说明弱光下水分胁迫提高芒萁PSⅡ原初光能转换,推测遮光导致水分利用率提高,从而引起芒萁的抗旱性响应;ck的φPo显著小于各遮光处理(P<0.05),说明全光下芒萁的PSⅡ出现严重的光抑制。ψOφEo反映PSⅡ受体侧的变化,L1和L2遮光处理下,W3芒萁叶片的ψOφEo相比W1和W2出现了下降趋势,但在L3ψOφEo随土壤水分减少而升高。热耗散的量子比率φDo在L1下差别不大,L2下变化从大到小依次为W3、W2、W1,L3下为W1、W2、W3;ck的φDo远高于各遮光处理,说明全光下芒萁叶片启动了相应的光防御机制,以热能途径耗散过剩激发能,从而减轻强光伤害。

    遮光水分VJMOφPoψOφEoφDo
    ck0.564±0.058 a0.952±0.095 a0.635±0.035 ab0.436±0.058 c0.224±0.055 c0.496±0.066 a
    L1W10.433±0.057 bc0.740±0.159 bc0.646±0.034 ab0.567±0.057 ab0.362±0.052 a0.365±0.035 cd
    W20.426±0.054 c0.648±0.107 c0.623±0.051 ab0.574±0.054 a0.373±0.049 a0.354±0.034 cd
    W30.470±0.080 bc0.784±0.213 abc0.683±0.042 a0.530±0.080 ab0.334±0.075 ab0.377±0.051 cd
    W10.424±0.052 c0.632±0.146 c0.667±0.056 ab0.576±0.052 a0.395±0.055 a0.317±0.049 d
    L2W20.440±0.065 bc0.655±0.205 bc0.634±0.089 ab0.560±0.065 ab0.377±0.068 a0.333±0.056 cd
    W30.472±0.112 bc0.738±0.264 bc0.550±0.071 cd0.528±0.112 ab0.345±0.104 ab0.384±0.098 cd
    W10.498±0.065 ab0.830±0.149 ab0.602±0.083 bc0.502±0.065 bc0.281±0.070 bc0.408±0.039 ab
    L3W20.464±0.065 bc0.744±0.208 bc0.648±0.041 ab0.536±0.065 ab0.328±0.081 ab0.403±0.099 bc
    W30.421±0.032 c0.635±0.126 c0.504±0.066 d0.579±0.032 a0.376±0.042 a0.352±0.041 cd
      说明:数值为平均值±标准差。不同字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 2.  VJ, MO and the yields or flux ratios in leaves of potted D. dichotoma under different shading and soil moisture treatment

  • 分析表3可知:L2遮光处理下芒萁的RC/CSM处于较高水平,说明中度遮光下芒萁叶片对光能的利用能力较强;ck的RC/CSM显著低于遮光处理,说明遮光后芒萁叶片通过增加有活性的反应中心数量来维持基本的光合过程。L2遮光处理下,芒萁的ABS/CSM、TRO/CSM和ETO/CSM均明显高于L1和L3,说明芒萁PSⅡ系统在L2光强下拥有最高的活性;不同水分处理间上述参数以W2为最高,说明L2W2的水分与光强最能激发芒萁PSⅡ的活性。ck芒萁单位面积叶片的热耗散DIO/CSM相对各遮光处理较低,主要原因是ck芒萁单位面积吸收的光能处于较低水平。遮光处理中,DIO/CSM在L3W1出现最大值,推测对弱光的利用效率低下导致热耗散;其他各处理芒萁的DIO/CSM差异较小。因此,芒萁单位面积各能量流参数在光照梯度间存在明显差异,但在土壤水分处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

    遮光水分RC/CSMABS/CSMTRO/CSMETO/CSMDIO/CSM
    ck2 223.5±847.4 c7 194.2±2 013.2 d3 756.3±1 462.5 d1 711.5±825.2 c3 437.8±568.1 c
    L1W15 109.7±984.1 b13 513.8±2 288.7 bc8 596.9±1 606.4 bc4 912.3±1 180.7 ab4 916.9±867.8 ab
    W25 806.5±1 315.4 ab13 482.6±2 359.9 bc8 744.2±1 733.9 abc5 099.3±1 370.1 ab4 738.3±817.2 b
    W34 850.0±1 145.4 b12 426.4±1 370.0 c7 762.7±1 141.7 c4 174.1±1 099.4 b4 663.8±762.7 b
    W17 112.5±1 287.6 a15 061.4±1 166.6 ab10 305.1±1 157.9 ab5 980.8±1 043.8 a4 756.3±561.9 b
    L2W27 581.4±1 507.0 a16 112.8±967.6 a10 766.0±1 177.7 a6 101.8±1 216.1 a5 346.8±843.4 ab
    W36 116.3±2 225.9 ab13 815.4±2 180 abc8 943.0±2 429.1 abc4 966.6±1 990.4 ab4 872.4±436.3 ab
    W14 509.7±1 958.7 b12 909.0±3 402.0 bc7 289.6±2 666.1 c3 812.8±1 789.1 b5 619.4±931.8 a
    L3W25 402.1±2 449.3 b12 860.4±3 576.2 bc7 971.1±2 875.1 c4 423.3±1 905.1 b4 889.3±1 031.1 ab
    W35 803.6±1 397.4 ab12 981.7±1 838.6 bc8 457.3±1 462.9 bc4 918.6±962.2 ab4 524.3±585.0 b
      说明:数值为平均值±标准差。不同字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 3.  Density of RCs and phenomenological energy fluxes per CS in leaves of potted D. dichotomaunder different shading and soil moisture treatment

  • PIABS是吸收光能的性能指数,比Fv/Fm(φPo)能更准确地反映植物光合机构的状态。由图3可见:L2遮光处理的芒萁光合机构能力最强,且随土壤水分的减少而下降,中度和重度干旱处理分别比充足水分处理下降8.38%和21.51%。L3不同水分处理的PIABS差异显著(P<0.05),意味着弱光下芒萁对土壤水分变化更敏感。PItotal主要用于研究光系统间的电子传递活性,可进一步反映胁迫对植物叶片光系统Ⅰ的影响。PItotal的变化趋势大致上与PIABS相同。L3W1光强水分处理芒萁的光合活性较低,弱光下光系统Ⅰ的调节能力较弱。

    Figure 3.  Effects of shading and soil moisture treatment on PIABS and PItotal in leaves of potted D. dichotoma

  • 遮光和干旱对芒萁的气体交换参数的影响具有明显的协同作用。在L1遮光处理下,重度干旱使芒萁的Pn-PAR曲线在100 μmol·m−2·s−1后就趋向平缓。由此说明:重度干旱降低了芒萁在较强光照下的光合能力;L2和L3遮光处理下,不同水分处理的光响应曲线的拐点均出现在300~500 μmol·m−2·s−1,重度干旱处理下没有出现Pn明显降低的趋势,说明中度遮光和高度遮光能够缓解水分亏缺对芒萁的Pn的负面影响。

    植物的光饱和点和光补偿点是衡量植物耐荫性的重要指标。本研究中,芒萁的光饱和点为786.2~1 146.2 μmol·m−2·s−1,高于其他蕨类植物[22],验证了芒萁喜光的习性[23];光补偿点变化为7.3~27.3 μmol·m−2·s−1,符合耐荫植物的特征[24-25]。此研究结果与前期对芒萁光合能力的研究结果相似[26]。L1W1处理的芒萁LSPPmax高于ck,说明L1遮光处理能够为芒萁提供足够的光能,并提高芒萁的光合潜力;同时ck和L1W1LCP较高,Rd显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),意味着弱光利用率低,消耗碳水化合物较多,因此芒萁虽具有一定的喜光性,但强光环境却不利于其生长。弱光条件下,芒萁通过降低LSPLCP来减少对光能的需求,降低Rd使呼吸作用造成的碳损耗保持较低水平,以此维持碳平衡[25]。L2W1处理下芒萁的LCPRd为各处理中最低,说明中度遮光和充足水分条件最有利于芒萁积累光合产物。

    YAQ越大,植物的耐荫性越强[27]。大多数植物的YAQ的实测值为0.03~0.05[28]。本研究中,L2遮光处理下的芒萁YAQ均大于0.05,说明中度遮光下芒萁具有较强的耐荫性;只有L1W3的芒萁YAQ小于ck,结合LSPLCPPmax等参数,可以认为强光和重度干旱组合不利于芒萁光合作用。

  • 叶绿素荧光动力学分析能够反映植物光合机构内部的调节过程。不同处理下芒萁荧光动力学曲线均无明显K相,说明芒萁PSⅡ的电子供体侧和受体侧未受到严重破坏[13]φPo下降意味着光抑制的产生[29]。缺水和强光均可能导致光抑制。L3遮光条件下,W1φPo小于W2和W3,说明弱光下充足水分对芒萁造成类似于光抑制的作用。由此推测,芒萁在弱光环境下最适土壤水分较低。一般来说,耐荫性强的植物在强光下的光抑制作用比较明显[30]。本研究中的芒萁符合耐荫性强的植物特征。

    L1和L2遮光处理下,W3的芒萁相比W1和W2出现VJ上升,ψO下降的变化特征,同时φEo下降,为消耗过多激活的电子,φDo随之升高。由此可知:轻度和中度遮光下,重度干旱抑制了芒萁叶片供体侧电子传递和PSⅡ受体侧电子传递,降低整个电子传递链效率[31];L3遮光条件下则是W1VJ最高,可以看出高度遮光下干旱未抑制芒萁PSⅡ活性,推测主要限制因素转变为光强。L1W3和L3W1的芒萁MO较高,受到的胁迫相对严重,反应中心部分降解或失活[32],抑制了PSⅡ受体侧的电子初级受体QA向二级受体QB的电子传递[33]。与L1和L3相比,L2遮光处理下芒萁的ψOφEo和能量流参数较高,叶片单位面积吸收的光能减少,而用于电子传递的能量增多,比活性较高[34]。因此,L2是芒萁较为适宜的光强,而W2下芒萁叶片的反应中心密度和能量流参数最高,即中度遮光与中度干旱下芒萁拥有最高的PSⅡ活性。土壤水分缺失会导致DIO/CSM增加,这种热耗散现象作为光保护机制出现[35],但本研究干旱胁迫下芒萁的DIO/CSM并未大幅提高,说明在土壤水分含量较低时芒萁能够维持相对稳定的光能利用率。

    L3遮光条件下,芒萁的ψOφEo与ABS/CSM、TRO/CSM、ETO/CSM均在W1处最低,W3处最高,而在L1和L2遮光条件下,上述参数均在W1或W2处最高,W3处最低。可以看出,高度遮光下芒萁PSⅡ增强了对干旱胁迫的适应能力,推测光照强度降低后,芒萁最适土壤水分含量在降低。

    光合性能指数PIABS综合反映光系统的活性[36],与φPo相比对干旱胁迫的程度更敏感[37]。综合性能参数PItotal能反映电子在PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间的传递能力及PSⅠ的相关性能[38]。对比PIABS和PItotal发现:两者变化规律相似,说明各处理芒萁荧光诱导曲线的J、I、P三相较为稳定,意味着各处理的芒萁PSⅡ没有受到严重的胁迫,这是芒萁对遮光环境和土壤水分条件适应性较强的体现。

    鉴于本研究以盆栽芒萁分株为材料,与自然条件下的适应性表现存在一定差异,因此未来的研究尺度应拓宽至芒萁克隆分株对甚至基株系统,并通过构建侧方遮光、光斑及缝隙透光类型与土壤主要养分、酸度等组合试验,使研究结果更接近野外生境,围绕芒萁单优层片发育机制开展更深入的研究。

  • 芒萁气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数均对遮光处理和干旱胁迫响应明显,表现出较强的耐荫性和耐旱能力。轻度遮光条件下,重度干旱显著降低了芒萁的PnYAQPmax(P<0.05),充足水分(W1)和中度干旱(W2)的Pn大约比重度干旱(W3)和ck增加34.4%~69.2%。在中度遮光和高度遮光条件下,各控水处理之间芒萁的PnLCPRd差异不显著(P>0.05),遮光程度增加能够缓解水分亏缺对芒萁净光合速率的负面影响。中度遮光+充足水分组合处理芒萁的LCPRd为各处理中最低,有利于积累光合产物。

    相同水分处理条件下,随着遮光程度增加,芒萁的荧光参数多呈现先增加后下降的变化特征。芒萁叶片单位横截面积反应中心密度和能量流参数显示:轻度和中度遮光下重度干旱降低了芒萁的光合机构能力;中度遮光与中度干旱下芒萁拥有最高的PSⅡ活性。高度遮光时,随土壤水分的降低,芒萁叶片的ψOφEo、能量流参数和PIABS均出现上升趋势,表现出明显的抗旱性,弱光下适当减少土壤水分可以减轻芒萁的弱光胁迫。遮光和干旱处理未对芒萁的PIABS和PItotal产生明显的抑制作用,结合叶绿素荧光诱导曲线分析可得,芒萁的PSⅡ未受到严重损害,芒萁对光强和土壤水分变化表现出较强的适应性。

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