Identification and expression pattern of phosphorus transporter Ⅰ family genes of <i>Phyllostachys edulis</i>

WANG Shaoliang; ZHANG Wenyu; GAO Zhimin; ZHOU Mingbing; YANG Kebin; SONG Xinzhang

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210471

Volume 39 Issue 3

May 2022

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WANG Shaoliang, ZHANG Wenyu, GAO Zhimin, ZHOU Mingbing, YANG Kebin, SONG Xinzhang. Identification and expression pattern of phosphorus transporter Ⅰ family genes of Phyllostachys edulis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(3): 486-494. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210471

Citation:

WANG Shaoliang, ZHANG Wenyu, GAO Zhimin, ZHOU Mingbing, YANG Kebin, SONG Xinzhang. Identification and expression pattern of phosphorus transporter Ⅰ family genes of Phyllostachys edulis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(3): 486-494. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210471

Identification and expression pattern of phosphorus transporter Ⅰ family genes of Phyllostachys edulis

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210471

1.
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China

Received Date: 2021-07-05
Accepted Date: 2021-12-10
Rev Recd Date: 2021-12-06

Available Online: 2022-05-23

Publish Date: 2022-05-23

Abstract

Objective This study is aimed to investigate the family members of phosphorus transporter Ⅰ (PHTⅠ) protein of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and analyze their expression patterns. Method With the employment of the bioinformatics, the PHTⅠ family members of Moso bamboo were identified before an analysis was conducted of the regulatory elements of gene promoters, the physicochemical properties of coding proteins, gene structure, conserved motifs of amino acids, gene positions on chromosomes, tissue expression specificity, gene adaptive evolution and phylogeny. Result PHTⅠ family of Moso bamboo consisted of 20 members distributed on ten chromosomes in the cell membrane and each gene contained 1 to 2 introns while the PePHTs promoter sequence contained elements of abiotic stress such as drought and low temperature and hormone response elements such as Gibberellic acid. Most PHTⅠ from Ph.edulis were basic proteins with the range of molecular weight of PePHTs between 48.61 and 76.37 kDa and that of the theoretical isoelectric point between 6.84 and 9.30. The hydrophobicity value of all PePHTs was greater than zero, indicating that all the proteins in this family were hydrophobic. In terms of gene adaptive evolution, the ω value of most PePHTs genes were lower than zero, indicating that most genes were under negative selection pressure. PePHTs had different expressions in different tissues, which indicated that PePHTs played different roles in the growth and development of Moso bamboo. PePHTs were clustered in the first Ⅰ subfamily, preferentially in the same branch as rice (Oryza sativa). Conclusion PHTⅠ family plays an important role in the absorption and transport of phosphorus in plants and the results of this study have provided a favorable theoretical foundation for a further analysis of the functions of the PHTⅠ family genes in Moso bamboo. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 45 ref. ]
- Phyllostachys edulis,
- phosphate transporter,
- phosphorus absorption,
- molecular characteristics,
- expression analysis

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磷(phosphorus，P)是植物中脂质、核酸、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和糖类的重要组成元素，是含量仅次于氮的第二大限制性养分^[1]，在植物生长发育过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。植物吸收磷素主要以可溶性的磷酸根离子(${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - } $、${\rm{HPO}}_4^{2 - } $、${{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{PO}}_4^ - $)形式为主^[2]，虽然土壤中磷素含量很高，但是可供利用的无机磷素含量较少，是导致植物缺磷的主要原因之一^[3]。植物磷转运蛋白(phosphate transporter，PHT)是植物从土壤中吸收无机磷酸盐并在体内进行再分配利用的载体。磷吸收动力学研究表明：植物在进化过程中形成了2类不同的磷吸收转运系统^[4]，分别为高亲和力磷吸收转运系统(high-affinity P uptake system)和低亲和力磷吸收转运系统(low-affinity P uptake system)^[5]。研究者最早在拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana中克隆出了磷转运蛋白基因AtPHT1.1，随后通过基因组测序、同源序列分析等方法陆续在大豆Glycine max^[6]、玉米Zea mays^[7]、大麦Triticum aestivum^[8]和番茄Lycopersicon esculentum^[9]等植物中克隆出了磷转运蛋白基因。植物磷酸盐转运蛋白属于MFS超级家族(major facilitator superfamily)^[10]，有12个疏水的跨膜区域，蛋白质结构高度相似，在氨基酸序列中存在保守特征序列GGDYPLSATIMSE，以及保守的磷酸化位点和糖基化位点。磷转运蛋白分为4个亚家族，分别为PHTⅠ、PHTⅡ、PHTⅢ、PHTⅣ^[11]。拟南芥中，AtPHT1.1、AtPHT1.2和AtPHT1.3对拟南芥吸收磷的贡献非常大，而且AtPHT1.1在长距离运转磷的过程中具有重要作用^[12]。研究表明：高磷环境中OsPHT1是水稻Oryza sativa吸收和转运磷素的关键PHTⅠ成员^[13]。缺磷显著诱导OsPHT2、OsPHT4、OsPHT8、OsPHT9 和OsPHT10等的表达。OsPHT8几乎在水稻的各个器官中都强烈表达，是组成型磷转运子；OsPHT8下调会使新叶磷含量下降，老叶磷含量上升，处于灌浆期的胚乳和胚中的磷含量显著下降，说明水稻OsPHT8对磷素从源到库的再分配起到至关重要的作用^[14]。大豆中，GmPHT7在根际成熟丛枝菌Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)根的根冠小柱细胞、皮层细胞和无菌根的侧根原基细胞中表达，在衰老叶片的维管束末端少数管胞中也有表达，主要负责向种子转运再活化的磷素^[15]。此外，GmPHT10和GmPHT11也会受AM诱导表达^[16]，即磷酸盐转运蛋白基因广泛存在于各种植物中。

毛竹Phyllostachys edulis属于禾本科Gramineae刚竹属Phyllostachys，具有经济价值高、用途广泛、栽培面积大等特点^[17]。影响毛竹生长发育的因素有很多，如林地养分、水分不足^[18]，粗放的抚育管理和病虫害防治不及时等^[19]，其中，磷元素是限制毛竹林生长的重要营养元素之一。因此，研究毛竹磷素转运和吸收的相关基因的表达具有重要意义^[20]。由于土壤对磷素的化学固定作用，磷素利用率普遍较低^[21]。磷酸盐转运蛋白是植物吸收和转运磷素的重要参与者。本研究利用生物信息学方法鉴定毛竹PHTⅠ家族成员，分析其基因启动子、蛋白质理化性质、基因结构、氨基酸保守基序、基因在染色体的位置以及基因的组织表达特异性等，以期为深入研究毛竹PHT基因功能，探索毛竹磷素利用机制提供参考。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 毛竹PHTⅠ家族序列的获取和确定

拟南芥和水稻PHT基因的CDS序列、基因序列以及氨基酸序列分别下载于Tair (https://www.arabidopsis.org)和Rice Genome Annotation Project (http://rice.plantbiology.mus.edu)。在毛竹基因组数据库Bamboo GDB (http://bamboo.bamboogdb.org/)进行BlastP、BlastN (e-value=1e⁻¹⁰) 比对，获取毛竹PHTⅠ同源基因的候选序列。通过SMART数据库(http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de)和PFAM数据库(http://pfam.xfam.org)确定获取的候选序列的保守结构域的准确性和完整性，保留具有编码完整保守结构域的候选序列，并进行基因命名(PePHTs)。

1.2. 毛竹PHTⅠ的生物信息学分析

利用ProtParam (http://web.expasy.org/prot-param/)获取毛竹PHTⅠ基因编码蛋白质的基本理化特性，使用Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 (http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/)在线工具分析PePHTs的基因结构，通过MEME Version 5.3.2 (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme)获取毛竹PHTⅠ的保守基序，利用PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)在线分析平台对PePHTs所含作用元件进行分析，在Excel软件中整理Tab结果文件, 用TBtools软件的Basic BioSequence View工具展示顺式作用元件的分布^[22]，使用Plant-mPLoc算法(http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn)预测毛竹PHTⅠ的亚细胞位置。

1.3. 毛竹PHT Ⅰ基因系统进化分析

使用Clustal X 1.8软件对毛竹、拟南芥、水稻等PHT基因的CDS序列进行多重比对，比对结果在MEGA 7.0软件中使用邻接法(neighbor-joining)构建系统进化树，bootstrap试验重复1000次^[23]，其他参数设置为默认值。利用在线工具Evolview (https://www.evolgenius.info/evolview/)进行树图编辑^[24]。

1.4. 毛竹PHTⅠ基因的染色体分布及适应性进化分析

利用在线软件MEME Version 5.3.2 (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme)对毛竹PHTⅠ的motif进行预测和分析，motif数量设置为10。使用TBtools软件的Gene Location Visualize from GTF/GFF工具展示基因在染色体上的位置。使用KaKs_Calculator软件计算毛竹PHTⅠ基因的CDS序列的选择压力值(ω)^[25]。

1.5. 毛竹PHTⅠ基因组织表达特异性分析

根据毛竹和竹笋不同组织的转录组数据^[26]，用PePHTs的RPKM (reads per kilo-bases per million reads)值表示基因的表达丰度，利用TBtools制作热图展示基因的表达丰度。

3. 讨论

植物从环境中吸收磷元素的过程中，磷酸盐转运蛋白起着至关重要的载体作用。植物PHTⅠ磷酸盐转运蛋白为膜蛋白，大多数属于高亲和力转运系统，并且具有相似的蛋白质序列和化学结构。在双子叶植物拟南芥和单子叶植物水稻中分别发现了9个^[31-32]和12个PHTⅠ家族成员^[6]。VERSAW等^[33]证实拟南芥AtPHT2.1除了参与植物对磷元素的吸收与转运，还可能参与茎部对磷的转运，其蛋白质定位于叶绿体内膜上。PHTⅡ磷酸盐转运蛋白也在拟南芥^[34]、马铃薯Solanum tuberosum^[35]、茄Solanum melongena^[36]、菠菜Spinacia oleracea^[37]、烟草Nicotiana tabacum^[38]和小麦Triticum aestivum^[39]等多种植物中被发现。PHTⅢ磷酸盐转运蛋白最初在拟南芥中被克隆得到的。研究表明：PHTⅢ 磷酸盐转运家族与 PHTⅠ家族一样，通过 P/H⁺同向转运和P/OH⁻反向转运方式参与细胞质间磷的交换^[39-40]。随后水稻、玉米和大豆等其他植物也克隆得到了该蛋白^[41]。但是PHTⅣ磷酸盐转运蛋白只在少数几种植物中发现^[42]，研究报道很少。

植物磷转运蛋白是众多转运蛋白中的一类重要蛋白家族，它们在植物的根、茎、叶、花等器官都有分布，是磷元素吸收和运转的主要载体^[1]。物种中均存在PHT基因，说明该基因具有重复性和多样性，这也是基因组重新排列和扩展的结果。本研究从毛竹基因组中鉴定出20个PHTⅠ家族基因，每个成员都含有Sugar_tr和MFs_1保守结构域，这是它们具有相似功能的基础。理化性质分析显示：PHT长度、理论等电点以及分子量区间跨度较大，这有可能是因为基因进行多次复制转录后进化的结果。本研究预测了毛竹PHTⅠ基因在细胞中的位置，发现毛竹PHTⅠ基因都分布在细胞膜上，与已有研究一致^[3]，说明鉴定出的毛竹PHTⅠ亚家族中的基因符合磷酸盐转运蛋白基因的特性。在植物进化过程中，选择压力能很好地体现发挥重要功能的蛋白的变化。基因适应性进化分析显示：大多数PePHTs基因受到较强烈的负选择压力，说明毛竹磷转运蛋白相对趋于稳定，是其保持原有重要功能的原因；同时PePHT7基因受到正选择压力，提示该基因编码的蛋白可能会延伸出一些新的功能^[30]。植物基因组织特异性表达与基因的功能关系密切，毛竹磷转运蛋白在箨鞘、根、叶和叶鞘都有1个及以上的基因大量表达，PePHT4、PePHT9、PePHT11等3个基因在任何组织中都没有检测到，还需深入研究；PePHT1在根和鞭芽中明显下调，说明基因在不同组织中表达丰度不一样且发挥着不同的作用。

系统进化分析发现：毛竹PHTⅠ基因聚类在第Ⅰ亚家族的5个分支上，同一支中的基因可能具有相似的功能。拟南芥的PHTⅠ亚家族中有9个成员，其中AtPHT1.6在花粉中表达，其余8个在根中表达^[43]；当拟南芥缺磷时，AtPHT1.1和AtPHT1.4会大量表达，这2个磷酸盐转运蛋白提供了70%的磷酸盐转运活性^[44]。水稻PHTⅠ亚家族中有12个成员^[6]，其中OsPHT1主要功能是吸收磷素和体内磷酸盐的再分配^[13]，OsPHT2主要在地上部分表达，也是水稻PHTⅠ亚家族中唯一一个低亲和力磷转运蛋白^[45]。PHTⅠ家族在水稻和拟南芥吸收和转运磷的过程中具有重要作用^{[32, 45]}，推测在毛竹对磷的吸收转运过程中也可能具有重要作用，但需要进一步的转录组数据进行验证。

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基因名称	基因登录号	氨基酸/个	理论等电点	分子量/kDa	疏水性值	脂肪族氨基酸指数	亚细胞定位
PePHT1	PH02Gene03602	696	7.63	76.37	0.269	92.56	细胞膜
PePHT2	PH02Gene11006	531	9.10	57.69	0.538	98.91	细胞膜
PePHT3	PH02Gene14509	541	9.15	59.64	0.322	95.10	细胞膜
PePHT4	PH02Gene21291	532	8.45	58.05	0.371	89.40	细胞膜
PePHT5	PH02Gene24702	536	8.71	59.02	0.321	90.80	细胞膜
PePHT6	PH02Gene37931	547	8.31	58.97	0.412	92.32	细胞膜
PePHT7	PH02Gene39948	558	8.85	60.96	0.313	93.58	细胞膜
PePHT8	PH02Gene44007	536	8.03	58.49	0.408	91.27	细胞膜
PePHT9	PH02Gene44009	574	8.60	62.35	0.449	94.79	细胞膜
PePHT10	PH02Gene48053	507	8.01	55.77	0.259	87.59	细胞膜
PePHT11	PH02Gene48969	598	9.21	59.84	0.204	83.79	细胞膜
PePHT12	PH02Gene49859	567	8.99	61.45	0.376	92.31	细胞膜
PePHT13	PH02Gene50239	554	8.95	60.55	0.329	93.92	细胞膜
PePHT14	PH02Gene21248	518	8.02	57.42	0.494	105.04	细胞膜
PePHT15	PH02Gene21249	655	6.84	71.89	0.226	90.87	细胞膜
PePHT16	PH02Gene21250	505	9.30	55.46	0.473	105.07	细胞膜
PePHT17	PH02Gene21252	432	9.24	48.61	0.348	101.83	细胞膜
PePHT18	PH02Gene47590	520	8.67	58.31	0.324	90.25	细胞膜
PePHT19	PH02Gene47591	563	8.92	62.63	0.314	94.81	细胞膜
PePHT20	PH02Gene49564	527	8.04	58.50	0.391	97.53	细胞膜