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土壤呼吸又被称为土壤二氧化碳(CO2)排放通量,是土壤中的碳以CO2形式从土壤向大气圈流动的结果,是陆地生态系统碳循环中一个重要环节[1]。土壤中的碳储量约1 500 Gt,超过了植被(约560 Gt)和大气含量(约750 Gt)的总和[2]。全球每年因土壤呼吸作用向大气中释放的CO2量约是77 Pg,其量值仅次于全球陆地总初级生产力,是化石燃料燃烧所产生的CO2的10倍[3-4],是碳进入大气系统的主要途径之一[5]。因此,土壤呼吸的一些细小变化都会对大气的CO2浓度产生影响,进而造成全球性的气候变化。土壤呼吸受植被类型、土壤温度、湿度、养分、微生物等因素的交互影响[6-9]。有研究表明:土壤温度和土壤呼吸速率之间存在着明显的指数相关关系[10-11],土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性则通常用Q10表示,即温度每升高10 ℃土壤呼吸的变化倍数[12]。土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响十分显著,在干旱半干旱地区土壤湿度甚至成为影响土壤呼吸的主要控制因子[13],而在元江干热河谷这种干热的特殊环境下对土壤呼吸特征及其调控因子等方面的研究还尚不明确。热带与亚热带的萨王纳生态系统占据了全球陆地面积的1/6,占据陆地生态系统净初级生产力的30%[14-15],因而,萨王纳生态系统对全球的物质循环、气候变化等方面都至关重要,另外,根据相关研究:萨王纳生态系统是全球温室气体主要的排放源之一[16-18]。在中国,萨王纳系统主要表现为干热河谷的稀树灌草丛生态系统,元江干热河谷就是中国萨王纳生态系统的典型代表,该系统因复杂的地理环境和局部小气候的综合作用形成了独特的干热生境:焚风盛行,年均气温20 ℃以上,降水量小,蒸发量大[19-21]。目前中国对于干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤呼吸的相关研究和报道还很鲜见,本研究利用实测数据,探究了干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤呼吸的特征和变化规律,及其与土壤温度和土壤湿度的相关关系,计算该生态系统土壤CO2年排放量和Q10。可为国家温室气体清单估算提供基础数据;为进一步预测气候变化对干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤呼吸的影响提供参考。
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监测样地位于云南省元江县普漂村的元江国家级自然保护区试验区内,距离元江县城约25 km。样地建在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园元江干热河谷生态系统研究站1 hm2永久样地旁,海拔570 m,23°28′N,102°10′E,地形相对平坦,土壤类型为燥红壤,0~20 cm土壤有机质质量分数为1.2%,pH 7.3(土水比为1.0∶2.5)。50 a(1965−2014)年平均气温23.8 ℃,最冷月平均气温16.7 ℃,最热月平均气温28.6 ℃,≥10 ℃年积温达8 708.9 ℃;干湿季节分明,干季为11月至翌年4月,雨季为5−10月;50 a年平均降水799.9 mm,其中79.2%的降水集中在雨季[22]。群落林冠高度约6 m,优势种为厚皮树Lannea coromandelica、霸王鞭Euphorbia royleana、老人皮Polyalthia cerasoides、余甘子Phyllanthus emblica;灌丛高度一般在1~3 m,优势种为虾子花Woodfordia fruticosa、云南黄素馨Jasminum mesnyi;草本主要以多年生禾本科Poaceae植物扭黄茅Heteropogon contortus为优势种[23-24]。
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考虑该区域植被状况及代表性,在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园元江干热河谷生态站的取样样地中选取5块10 m×10 m的典型样地,每个典型样地间相距10 m,在每块样地中分别放置3个采样桶,共计15个采样桶。采样桶为圆柱形聚氯乙烯(PVC)桶,桶高为20 cm,直径15 cm,每个小桶配1个底座,底座高5 cm,实验前1个月安置采样桶,采样桶底座压入土中,并长期保留在样地中。桶盖用惰性PVC板制作而成,桶盖上打有3个直径5 mm的圆孔,小孔用来插接进、出气管和电子温度计。测量时用黏胶和橡皮泥将桶盖密封在桶身上。
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土壤呼吸:采用红外CO2分析法,测定土壤呼吸中的CO2成分,测定仪器为Li-820(Li-Cor,美国)。每次测定前24 h,齐地剪去地表植物,去除植被的光合作用和呼吸作用对土壤呼吸的影响[25-27]。测定时间为8:30−11:00,实验前先预热仪器约30 min,测量时收集有效数据2 min。从2014年6月下旬开始测量至2015年6月上旬结束,每月测定2次(上半月下半月各1次,间隔10 d以上),每季度用标气校正Li-820[28]。
环境因子测定:测定土壤呼吸的同时,采用长杆温度计在气室顶部小孔插入测定气室温度,在采样桶周围10 cm内埋设HOBO温度采集器,测定5、10 cm处土壤温度。采用TDR 100土壤水分速测仪测定采样桶周边0~5、0~10 cm土壤体积含水量,简称5、10 cm土壤湿度。
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$$ {F=}\frac{{M}}{{{V}}_{{0}}}\frac{{P}}{{{P}}_{{0}}}\frac{{{T}}_{{0}}}{{T}}{H}\frac{{{d}}_{{c}}}{{{d}}_{{t}}}\text{。}$$ (1) 式(1)中:F为CO2通量(mg·m−2·h−1),M为CO2摩尔质量(g·mol−1),P0和T0为理想气体标准状态下的空气压力和气温(分别为1 013.25 hPa和273.15 K),V0为CO2在标准状态下的摩尔体积,即22.41 L·mol−1,H为采样箱内气室高度(m),P和T为采样时箱内的实际气压(hPa)和气温(℃),dc
/dt 为桶内CO2浓度随时间变化的回归曲线斜率。年通量计算:把干季、雨季和全年观测的土壤呼吸速率的分别进行平均计算,分别作为观测期内干季、雨季和全年的日平均值,根据干季、雨季的天数计算得到干季、雨季和全年通量。 -
土壤温度和土壤呼吸的关系采用指数方程进行拟合[29]:
$$ {R}_{\rm{S}}{=}{{a}}_{{1}}{\rm{exp}}\;({b_{1}{T}})\text{。} $$ (2) Q10计算方程为:
$$ {{Q}}_{{10}}{=}{\rm{exp}}{(}{10}{{b}}_{{1}}{)}\text{。} $$ (3) 土壤湿度和土壤呼吸的关系采用二次曲线进行拟合[30]:
$$ {R}_{\rm{S}}{=}{{a}}_{{2}}{{W}}^{{2}}{+}{{b}}_{{2}}{W+}{{c}}_{{1}}\text{。} $$ (4) 土壤温度和湿度和土壤呼吸的关系采用指数与二次耦合方程拟合[30]:
$$ {R}_{\rm{S}}{=}{{a}}_{{3}}\left({d}{{W}}^{{2}}{+}{k}{W+}{{c}}_{{2}}{}\right){\rm{exp}}\;({b_{3}{T}})\text{。} $$ (5) 式(2)~(5)中:RS为土壤呼吸速率(μmol·m−2·s−1),T为 5、10 cm处土壤温度(℃),W为5、10 cm土壤湿度(%),a1、a2、a3、b1、b2、b3、c1、c2、d和k为拟合常数。
全年计算方法:实验开始于2014年6月22日,结束于2015年6月16日,因此为了与历史气象数据以及元江干季和雨季配合,本研究设定6月22日为起始日,次年6月21日为结束日,11月1日为干季起始日,次年4月30日为干季结束日,雨季为全年去除干季的部分。本研究历史气候数据都是依照这个方法进行计算。
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使用SigmaPlot 12.0对土壤呼吸与温度和土壤湿度的关系进行拟合并作图,显著性水平为0.05。
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测定期间内元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统的总降水量为718.3 mm,较元江50 a(1965−2014)平均降水量799.9 mm减少10.2%(表1)。其中雨季降水量为515.2 mm,占测定周期总降水量的71.7%,少于50 a平均值79.2%;干季的降水量为203.1 mm,占测定周期总降水量的28.3%,多于50年平均值20.8%。
表 1 干季、雨季和全年降水、土壤呼吸总量和土壤温度、湿度日均值
Table 1. Total value of precipitation and soil respiration, daily mean values soil temperature, soil water content in the dry season, the rain season and annual respectively
时期 土壤温度/℃ 土壤湿度/% 土壤呼吸总量/(t·hm−2) 降水/mm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 干季 22.0±1.2 B 22.4±0.5 B 12.5±0.9 B 13.8±1.2 B 1.49±0.53 B 203.1 雨季 29.0±1.1 A 27.8±0.4 A 14.7±1.1 A 17.8±1.0 A 2.71±0.76 A 515.2 年 25.7±1.2 25.2±0.4 13.7±1.0 15.9±1.1 4.20±1.30 718.3 说明:数值为平均值±标准误,同列不同大写字母表示同一指标不同时期在0.01水平差异显著 如图1所示:元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤5、10 cm处温度和湿度具有明显的季节变化,均呈现出雨季极显著高于干季的变化规律(表1)。5、10 cm处土壤温度的最低值均出现在1月,分别为15.1和16.9 ℃,随后逐渐升高,最高值出现在雨季的7−9月(图1B),分别为32.5 ℃(9月)和30.5 ℃(7月)。5、10 cm土壤湿度的最低值均出现在干季初期12月,分别为2.5%和7.1%,随后逐渐升高,最高值均出现在雨季后期的9月(图1A),分别为28.1%和28.2%。
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元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化,土壤呼吸速率总体呈现近似单峰型且雨季大于干季(图1C)。1−6月,随着温度的上升和降水量的逐渐增加,土壤呼吸速率也随之逐渐增加;在温度较高,降水相对稳定的6−9月,土壤呼吸速率也维持在一个相对稳定的较高水平,并且在雨季初期的2015年5月出现土壤呼吸速率峰值,为2.27 μmol·m−2·s−1;9月之后,随着温度的降低和降水量的逐渐减少,土壤呼吸速率总体上也随之减弱,到12月降水量降到最小值,土壤呼吸速率也在此时出现最低值,为0.27 μmol·m−2·s−1。经过计算,元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤呼吸年总量为4.20 t·hm−2·a−1,其中,雨季的CO2排放量2.71 t·hm−2,占到全年碳排放总量的64.5%,干季的CO2排放量1.49 t·hm−2,占到全年碳排放总量的35.5%(表1),通过1 a的观测研究,元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛土壤呼吸的通量在雨季和干季都为正值,并没有出现负值。
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元江干热河稀树冠草丛生态系统土壤呼吸速率与5和10 cm土壤温度呈现指数相关关系,相关性显著(P<0.05)(图2)。根据式(3)计算得到的干热河谷土壤5和10 cm处土壤呼吸Q10分别为1.73和1.98。
图 2 环境因子土壤温度(A)和土壤湿度(B)模拟土壤呼吸
Figure 2. Simulated results of soil respirations by environment factors soil temperature (A) and soil water content (B)
土壤呼吸速率与5和10 cm处土壤湿度呈现凸型抛物线关系,二者相关性显著(P<0.01)(图2)。湿度过低或者过高都会抑制土壤呼吸速率,其中5 cm处土壤湿度在25.4%时土壤呼吸速率最高,10 cm处土壤湿度在20.3%时土壤呼吸速率最高。
根据以上结果土壤呼吸受土壤温度和土壤湿度共同作用,因此依据式(5)拟合得图3。5和10 cm土壤温度、湿度的二因子模型可以分别解释土壤呼吸的74.4%和78.9%,拟合效果均高于土壤温度和土壤湿度单独拟合的效果(图2)。
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汇总全球49个点数据(图4),得出全球萨王纳生态系统土壤呼吸年总量平均值为8.16 t·hm−2·a−1,比本研究高出近1倍。本研究土壤呼吸年总量在全球萨王纳生态系统呼吸中处于较低的位置。
Dynamic characteristics of soil respiration of Savanna ecosystem in dry hot valley of Yuanjiang
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摘要:
目的 土壤呼吸对大气中二氧化碳浓度有重要的调节作用。萨王纳生态系统土壤呼吸是全球温室气体主要排放源之一,但是其排放特征与主要影响因子尚不清楚。 方法 以元江干热河谷(萨王纳)稀树灌草丛生态系统为对象,利用静态箱法,从2014年6月到2015年6月对元江土壤呼吸进行测量,研究了元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤呼吸动态特征及其影响因子。 结果 元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛生态系统土壤温度、水分和呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,雨季高于干季。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和土壤湿度分别呈指数和抛物线关系,土壤5和10 cm处温度Q10分别为1.73和1.98,小于全球均值2.0,采用10 cm土壤温度能更好地模拟土壤呼吸。通过土壤温度、湿度与土壤呼吸双因子拟合分析得出元江萨王纳生态系统的土壤呼吸主要受到水分条件的制约;生态系统土壤呼吸年排放量为4.20 t·hm−2·a−1,其中雨季2.71 t·hm−2,占全年碳排放总量的64.5 %,干季的二氧化碳排放量为1.49 t·hm−2,占全年碳排放总量的35.5 %。全球萨王纳生态系统土壤呼吸均值为8.16 t·hm−2·a−1。 结论 元江土壤呼吸总量在全球萨王纳生态系统中处于较低位置,主要是因为元江萨王纳生态系统降水量较全球萨王纳低,而降水量与萨王纳地区土壤呼吸呈极显著正相关关系(R2=0.61,P<0.001)。图4表1参72 Abstract:Objective Soil respiration plays an important role in regulating CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Soil respiration in the Savanna ecosystem is one of the main sources of global greenhouse gas emissions, but its emission characteristics and main influencing factors are not clear. Method Taking the Savanna ecosystem in dry hot valley of Yuanjiang inYunnan Province as an example, the soil respiration was measured from June 2014 to June 2015 by static chamber method, and the dynamic characteristics and its influencing factors in the Savanna ecosystem in Yuanjiang were studied. Result Soil temperature, soil moisture and soil respiration had obvious seasonal variations, and as expected, they were significantly (P<0.01) higher in rainy season than in dry season. The relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature and soil moisture are exponential and parabola. The temperature Q10 at 5 and 10 cm of soil was 1.73 and 1.98 respectively, which was less than the global average of 2.0. Therefore, using 10 cm soil temperature could better simulate soil respiration. Fitting analysis of soil temperature, water content and soil respiration showed that the soil respiration of Savanna ecosystem in Yuanjiang was mainly restricted by water condition. The annual emission of soil respiration in the ecosystem was 4.20 t·hm−2·a−1, including 2.71 t·hm−2 in rainy season, accounting for 64.5% of the total annual carbon emission, and 1.49 t·hm−2 in dry season, accounting for 35.5% of the total annual carbon emission. The average value of soil respiration in global Savanna ecosystem is 8.16 t·hm−2·a−1. Conclusion Compared with the global Savanna ecosystem, the total amount of soil respiration in Yuanjiang was in a lower position, which could be attributed to the lower rainfall in the Savanna ecosystem in Yuanjiang. There exists a significant positive correlation between rainfall and soil respiration in the Savanna region (R2=0.61, P<0.001). [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 72 ref.] -
Key words:
- soil respiration /
- Q10 /
- Savanna /
- soil temperature /
- soil moisture
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表 1 干季、雨季和全年降水、土壤呼吸总量和土壤温度、湿度日均值
Table 1. Total value of precipitation and soil respiration, daily mean values soil temperature, soil water content in the dry season, the rain season and annual respectively
时期 土壤温度/℃ 土壤湿度/% 土壤呼吸总量/(t·hm−2) 降水/mm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 干季 22.0±1.2 B 22.4±0.5 B 12.5±0.9 B 13.8±1.2 B 1.49±0.53 B 203.1 雨季 29.0±1.1 A 27.8±0.4 A 14.7±1.1 A 17.8±1.0 A 2.71±0.76 A 515.2 年 25.7±1.2 25.2±0.4 13.7±1.0 15.9±1.1 4.20±1.30 718.3 说明:数值为平均值±标准误,同列不同大写字母表示同一指标不同时期在0.01水平差异显著 -
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