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真菌是天然产物的重要来源之一,目前已从中挖掘了包括抗菌药物青霉素在内的大量药源分子。随着大规模化学筛选的开展,从普通真菌资源中发现结构新颖与活性显著的次级代谢产物的概率逐渐变低。因此,独特生境来源的真菌资源成为新活性化合物研究的热点[1]。
植物病原真菌是一种潜在的植物内生真菌,一方面需抵御植物自身防御机制,另一方面需应对外界复杂环境及其他竞争者,是一类特殊生境的真菌类群,因而具有产生结构新颖化合物的潜力[2−4]。LIU等[5]从小麦Triticum aestivum病原真菌平脐蠕孢属真菌Bipolaris sp. TJ403-B1中分离得到一系列新骨架的蛇孢假壳素(ophiobolin)类似物(bipolarolides A~G);KUMARIHAMY等[6]从植物病原菌Septoria pistaciarum中分离得到具有抗疟、抑菌活性的化合物;LI等[7]和WANG 等[8]从小麦病原真菌小麦根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana中分离得到具有显著植物促生长活性和植物毒活性的倍半萜类化合物,进一步印证了植物病原真菌的代谢潜力。
人参Panax ginseng红皮病菌Rhexocercosporidium panacis是导致人参红皮病的病原真菌,病害主要发生在人参根部,会形成大小不一、形状不规则的红色病斑,影响人参的产量及品质,造成严重的经济损失[9−10]。目前尚未有关于人参红皮病菌次级代谢产物研究的相关报道。为探明该菌株代谢潜力,本研究选择人参红皮病菌作为研究材料,对其大米发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取部位进行化学成分研究,首次从中分离得到了9种单体化合物,并对其抗氧化活性与植物毒活性进行初步研究。
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运用多种分离技术从人参红皮病菌粗提物的乙酸乙酯部位纯化得到9种单体化合物(图1),利用质谱及核磁共振波谱技术并结合文献数据比对,化合物结构鉴定结果如下:化合物1为麦角甾醇(ergosterol)、化合物2为过氧化麦角甾醇(5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,9,22E-tien-3β-ol)、化合物3为5,8-表二氧麦角甾醇-6,9(11),22-三烯-3-醇(5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol)、化合物4为核桃酮(regiolone)、化合物5为4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮(4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one)、化合物6为2,5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮(2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone)、化合物7为2-甲基-5-羧甲基-7-羟基色酮(2-methyl-5-carboxymenthyl-7-hydroxychromone)、化合物8为(+)-citreoisocoumarin和化合物9为de-O-methyldiaporthin。化学结构式如图1所示。
化合物1:无色晶体,基于1H-NMR图谱分析,高场区氢化学位移(δH)在1.20~2.50间有复杂重叠的烷基氢信号,并存在6个甲基信号,其中2个单峰甲基氢信号(δH=0.63和0.95),4个双峰甲基氢信号(δH=1.04、0.92、0.83、0.81),另在低场区化学位移δH=3.64处有个积分为1的多重峰氢信号,推测此处连接1个羟基;低场区存在2对烯烃质子信号,其中1对δH=5.21和5.19间的耦合常数为15.6,推测为环外侧链反式双键,基于以上特征推测化合物1为麦角甾醇类化合物。1H-NMR (CDCl3, 600 MHz):δH 5.57 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-7), 5.38 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-6), 5.21 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 7.2 Hz, H-23), 5.19 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 7.2 Hz, H-22), 3.64 (1H, tt, J=11.4, 4.2 Hz, H-3), 1.04 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, H-21), 0.95 (3H, s, H-19), 0.92 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, H-28), 0.83 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, H-27), 0.81 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, H-26), 0.63 (3H, s, H-18)。以上氢谱数据与文献[13]对比后确认此化合物为麦角甾醇。
化合物 2:无色晶体,其1H-NMR图谱发现与麦角甾醇相似。通过与文献[14]比对,确认该化合物为过氧化麦角甾醇。1H-NMR (CDCl3, 600 MHz): δH 6.58 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-6), 6.27 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-7), 5.41 (1H, d, J=6.0, 1.8 Hz, H-11), 5.22 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 7.8 Hz, H-23), 5.14 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 8.4 Hz, H-22), 4.00 (1H, m, H-3), 1.08 (3H, s, 19-Me), 0.99 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 21-Me), 0.90 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 28-Me), 0.82 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 26-Me), 0.81 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 27-Me), 0.72 (3H, s, 18-Me)。
化合物3:无色晶体,其1H-NMR谱图与过氧化麦角甾醇高度相似,主要区别在化学位移δH=5.41处的氢信号消失,推测双键被还原。通过与文献[14]比对,确认此化合物为5,8-表二氧麦角甾醇-6,9(11),22-三烯-3-醇。1H-NMR(CDCl3, 600 MHz): δH 6.50 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-6), 6.24 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-7), 5.22 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 7.8 Hz, H-23), 5.14 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 8.4 Hz, H-22), 3.96 (1H, m, H-3), 0.99 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 21-Me), 0.90 (3H, d, J= 6.6 Hz, 28-Me), 0.88 (3H, s, 19-Me), 0.83 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 26-Me), 0.81 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, 27-Me), 0.81 (3H, s, 18-Me)。
化合物4:黄色粉末,低分辨质谱数据质荷比(m/z)为179.07,[M+H]+。1H-NMR谱图(图2)显示在低场区有3个氢质子信号,δH=7.50 (1H,t,J=7.8 Hz),7.02 (1H,dd,J=7.8,1.2 Hz),6.93(1H,dd,J=7.8,1.2 Hz),推测化合物含苯环结构;低场区化学位移δH=12.89处的尖单峰结合13C-NMR谱图(图3)中碳化学位移(δC) = 204.4,推测为与羰基形成分子内氢键的活泼氢信号;化学位移δH=4.92的1个双峰氢信号暗示此处可能连接1个羟基。另外,高场区有2对相互耦合的亚甲基信号(δH=3.00,2.65和δH=2.35,2.20),基于以上数据推测化合物4为芳香类化合物。1H-NMR (CDCl3, 600 MHz): δH 12.89 (1H, 8-OH, s), 7.50 (1H, t, J=7.8 Hz, H-6), 7.02 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, H-5), 6.93 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, H-7), 4.92 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 3.6 Hz, H-4), 3.00 (1H, ddd, J=18.0, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, H-2a), 2.65 (1H, ddd, J=18.0, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, H-2b), 2.35 (1H, m, H-3a), 2.20 (1H, m, H-3b)。13C-NMR (CDCl3, 150 MHz):δC 204.4 (C-1), 34.7 (C-2), 31.4 (C-3), 67.9 (C-4), 146.0 (C-4a), 117.9 (C-5), 137.1 (C-6), 117.5 (C-7), 162.9 (C-8), 115.4 (C-8a)。以上核磁数据与文献[15]中的核桃酮基本一致。
化合物5:黄色粉末,低分辨质谱数据m/z =195.09,[M+H]+。化合物5的1H-NMR谱图与化合物4高度相似,主要区别在化学位移δH=6.00~8.00范围内少1个芳香氢信号,且剩下2个芳香氢δH=6.64和6.22之间耦合常数为1.8,判断这2个氢在苯环上处于间位。对比化合物4,化合物5的芳香氢化学位移向高场移动,结合碳谱数据分析,发现化合物5比化合物4多了1个δC在166.5处的碳信号,推测为双键连氧的碳信号,即苯环上新增的取代基为羟基。1H-NMR(Acetone-d6, 600 MHz):δH 12.89 (1H, s, 8-OH), 6.64 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz, H-5), 6.22 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz, H-7), 4.78 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 4.2 Hz, H-4) , 2.75 (1H, m, J=17.4, 6.0, 4.8 Hz, H-2a), 2.61 (1H, m, H-2b ), 2.26 (1H, m, H-3a), 2.03 (1H, m, H-3b)。13C NMR(Acetone-d6, 150 MHz):δC 203.1 (C-1), 166.5 (C-6), 166.1 (C-8), 151.5 (C-4a), 109.9 (C-8a), 106.9 (C-5), 102.1 (C-7), 68.0 (C-4), 35.6 (C-2), 32.7 (C-3)。以上核磁共振数据与文献[16]中的4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮基本一致。
化合物6:黄色粉末,低分辨质谱数据m/z =191.10,[M+H]+。1H-NMR谱图显示在低场区δH=6.68和6.67处有2个互相耦合的氢信号,结合耦合常数2.4可知为苯环上处于间位的氢,表明化合物6存在被4个取代基取代的苯环结构;化学位移δH=5.92推测为单峰烯烃质子信号,结合13C-NMR谱图中δC=179.3、164.5和117.5等3处的碳化学位移推测化合物含α,β-不饱和酮结构;高场区存在2个单峰甲基氢信号(δH=2.70和2.28),根据化学位移值推测这2个甲基分别连接在苯环和双键上。基于以上数据推测化合物6为色酮类化合物。1H-NMR(Acetone-d6, 600 MHz): δH 9.37 (7-OH, s), 6.68 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-8), 6.67 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-6), 5.92 (1H, s, H-3), 2.70 (3H, s, 5-CH3), 2.28 (3H, s, 2-CH3)。13C-NMR(Acetone-d6, 150 MHz):δC 179.3 (C-4), 164.5 (C-2), 161.5 (C-7), 158.4 (C-9), 142.4 (C-5), 117.5 (C-3), 115.0 (C-10), 111.8 (C-6), 101.5 (C-8), 22.8 (5-CH3), 19.7 (2-CH3)。以上核磁共振数据与文献[17]中的2,5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮基本一致。
化合物7:黄色粉末,低分辨质谱数据m/z =235.09,[M+H]+。化合物7的1H-NMR谱图与化合物6的相似,主要区别在于苯环上取代的甲基信号(δH=2.70)消失,多了1个单峰亚甲基信号(δH=4.10),结合13C-NMR谱图新出现的信号δC=175.9,推测此处由甲基取代变为羧甲基取代。1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz):δH 6.75 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-8), 6.69 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H, H-6), 6.01 (1H, s, H-3), 4.10 (2H, s, 5-CH2), 2.34 (3H, s, 2-CH3)。13C-NMR(CD3OD, 150 MHz): δC 167.5 (C-2), 119.3 (C-3), 181.5 (C-4), 115.2 (C-4a), 139.6 (C-5), 175.9 (-COOH), 111.7 (C-6), 163.7 (C-7), 102.8 (C-8), 160.7 (C-8a), 21.1 (2-CH3), 42.3 (5-CH2)。以上核磁共振数据与文献[18]中的2-甲基-5-羧甲基-7-羟基色酮基本一致。
化合物8:无色晶体,低分辨质谱数据m/z =279.13,[M+H]+。基于1H-NMR谱图分析,低场区(δH=6.41和6.37)处有2个互相耦合的氢信号,耦合常数为2.4,推测为苯环上间位取代的氢。化学位移(δH=11.14)处存在1个积分为1的氢信号,推测为形成分子内氢键的活泼氢信号, 13C-NMR谱图(δC=167.1)处的碳信号可能为酯羰基信号,结合烯烃单峰质子信号(δH=6.41)推测化合物8为异香豆素类结构。1H-NMR(Acetone-d6, 600 MHz): δH 11.14 (1H, s, 8-OH), 6.43 (1H, s, H-4), 6.41 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-5), 6.37 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-7), 4.47 (1H, tt, J=7.8, 4.8 Hz, H-2′), 2.70 (1 H, m, H-3′a, overlapped), 2.70 (1H, m, H-1′a, overlapped), 2.68 (1H, m, H-3′b), 2.60 (1H, dd, J=14.4, 8.4 Hz, H-1′b), 2.15 (3H, s, 5′-CH3), 13C-NMR:(Acetone-d6,150 MHz):δC 167.1 (C-1), 155.7 (C-3), 106.8 (C-4), 103.6 (C-5), 167.1 (C-6, overlapped), 102.5 (C-7), 164.5 (C-8), 99.6 (C-9), 140.8 (C-10), 41.9 (C-1′), 66.1 (C-2′), 50.7 (C-3′), 207.5 (C-4′), 30.6 (C-5′)。以上核磁共振数据与文献[19]中的(+)-citreoisocoumarin基本一致。
化合物9:无色晶体,低分辨质谱数据m/z =237.11,[M+H]+。 化合物9的1H-NMR谱图与化合物8高度相似,表明为同类型化合物,主要区别在化合物9的1H-NMR谱图中少了1个单峰甲基信号(δH=2.15),多了1个双峰甲基信号,结合碳谱数据对比发现化合物9比化合物8少了2个碳信号,其中包括1个羰基碳信号(δC=207.5),推测化合物9比化合物8少了侧链上的乙酰基。1H-NMR(Acetone-d6, 600 MHz): δH 11.16 (1H, s, 8-OH), 6.43(1H, s, H-4), 6.41(d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H, H-5), 6.37(1H, d, J=1.8 Hz, H-7), 4.17(1H, m, H-2′), 2.61(1H, dd, J=14.4, 4.8 Hz, H-1′a), 2.56(1H, dd, J=14.4, 7.8 Hz, H-1′ b), 1.23(3H, d, J=6.0 Hz, 3′-CH3)。13C-NMR(Acetone-d6, 150 MHz): δC 167.1 (C-1), 156.5 (C-3), 106.4 (C-4), 103.4 (C-5), 166.5 (C-6), 102.3 (C-7), 164.5 (C-8), 99.8 (C-9), 140.9 (C-10), 43.9 (C-1′), 65.5 (C-2′), 23.7 (C-3′)。以上核磁共振数据与文献[20]中的de-O-methyldiaporthin基本一致。
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抗氧化实验结果表明:与对照组VE相比,化合物1~9的DPPH自由基清除效果不显著,无抗氧化活性(表1)。人参根部植物毒活性实验结果发现:化合物4~9处理的人参根部与对照组(体积分数为75%乙醇)对比无明显差异(图4),表面均无病斑出现,表明化合物4~9对人参根部无植物毒活性。
表 1 化合物1~9的抗氧化活性
Table 1. Antioxidant activity of compounds 1−9
化合物 IC50/(mg·L−1) 化合物 IC50/(mg·L−1) 1 ≥100 6 ≥100 2 ≥100 7 ≥100 3 ≥100 8 ≥100 4 ≥100 9 ≥100 5 ≥100 VE 9.072
Chemical components of Rhexocercosporidium panacis from Panax ginseng
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摘要:
目的 对人参Panax ginseng红皮病菌Rhexocercosporidium panacis次级代谢产物进行研究,以期发现活性化合物,并为后期人参红皮病致病机理的研究提供化学物质基础。 方法 通过大米固体发酵方式获得人参红皮病菌粗提物,对粗提物采用硅胶柱层析、反向硅胶柱层析(ODS)、凝胶柱层析(Sephadex LH-20)、半制备液相等多种方法进行分离纯化获得单体化合物,再基于质谱、核磁共振谱方法,并结合文献数据比对鉴定单体化合物结构。最后采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基清除法评价9种单体化合物的抗氧化活性,并对其中的6种化合物进行初步的植物毒活性评价。 结果 从人参红皮病菌粗提物乙酸乙酯部位分离得到9种化合物,其中3种甾醇类:化学物1为麦角甾醇(ergosterol)、化合物2为过氧化麦角甾醇(5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,9,22E-tien-3β-ol)、化合物3为5,8-表二氧麦角甾醇-6,9(11),22-三烯-3-醇(5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol);6种聚酮类:化合物4为核桃酮(regiolone)、化合物5为4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮(4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one)、化合物6为2,5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮(2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone)、化合物7为2-甲基-5-羧甲基-7-羟基色酮(2-methyl-5-carboxymenthyl-7-hydroxychromone)、化合物8为(+)-citreoisocoumarin、化合物9为de-O-methyldiaporthin。活性试验结果表明:化合物1~9无抗氧化活性,化合物4~9对人参根部未表现出致病性。 结论 化合物1~9为首次从人参红皮病菌中分离得到,丰富了该菌种的次级代谢产物数据库。其中化合物4~9表现出多种生物活性,但在植物毒活性评价中未能使离体人参根部致病。图4表1参29 Abstract:Objective The aim is to study the secondary metabolites of Rhexocercosporidium panacis, so as to discover new active compounds and to provide a chemical basis for later research on the pathogenesis of R. panacis. Method The crude extracts of R. panacis were obtained through solid fermentation of rice, and purified by silica gel column chromatography, reversed silica gel column chromatography (ODS), Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative liquid chromatography to gain monomeric compounds. The structure of monomeric compounds was identified based on mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and literature data comparison. The antioxidant activities of 9 compounds were tested by DPPH radical scavenging method and the preliminary phytotoxic activity of compounds 4−9 was evaluated. Result 9 compounds were isolated from R. panacis, including three sterols: ergosterol (1), 5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,9,22E-tien-3β-ol (2), and 5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol (3), and six polyketides: regiolone (4), 4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2H)-one (5), 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone(6), 2-methyl-5-carboxymenthyl-7-hydroxychromone (7), (+)-citreoisocoumarin (8), and de-O-methyldiaporthin (9). Compounds 1−9 exhibited no antioxidant activity and 4−9 did not display phytotoxic effects on ginseng roots. Conclusion Compounds 1−9 are isolated for the first time from R. panacis, enriching the database of secondary metabolites of this strain. Among them, compounds 4−9 exhibit various biological activities, but do not cause lesions in the isolated ginseng roots in the evaluation of phytotoxic activity. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 29 ref.] -
Key words:
- Panax ginseng /
- Rhexocercosporidium panacis /
- sterol /
- polyketides /
- biological activities
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表 1 化合物1~9的抗氧化活性
Table 1. Antioxidant activity of compounds 1−9
化合物 IC50/(mg·L−1) 化合物 IC50/(mg·L−1) 1 ≥100 6 ≥100 2 ≥100 7 ≥100 3 ≥100 8 ≥100 4 ≥100 9 ≥100 5 ≥100 VE 9.072 -
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