Chemical components of <i>Rhexocercosporidium panacis</i> from <i>Panax ginseng</i>

LIU Peng; LI Qi; YANG Jian; SUN Di’ an; KUANG Yi; DING Gang

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230150

Volume 40 Issue 6

Nov. 2023

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LIU Peng, LI Qi, YANG Jian, SUN Di’ an, KUANG Yi, DING Gang. Chemical components of Rhexocercosporidium panacis from Panax ginseng[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(6): 1215-1223. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230150

Citation:

LIU Peng, LI Qi, YANG Jian, SUN Di’ an, KUANG Yi, DING Gang. Chemical components of Rhexocercosporidium panacis from Panax ginseng[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(6): 1215-1223. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230150

Chemical components of Rhexocercosporidium panacis from Panax ginseng

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230150

LIU Peng^{1, 2
,},
LI Qi²,
YANG Jian³,
SUN Di’ an²,
KUANG Yi¹,
DING Gang^{2
,
,}

1.
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
3.
State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China

Received Date: 2023-02-14
Accepted Date: 2023-06-04
Rev Recd Date: 2023-05-11

Available Online: 2023-11-23

Publish Date: 2023-11-23

Abstract

Objective The aim is to study the secondary metabolites of Rhexocercosporidium panacis, so as to discover new active compounds and to provide a chemical basis for later research on the pathogenesis of R. panacis. Method The crude extracts of R. panacis were obtained through solid fermentation of rice, and purified by silica gel column chromatography, reversed silica gel column chromatography (ODS), Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative liquid chromatography to gain monomeric compounds. The structure of monomeric compounds was identified based on mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and literature data comparison. The antioxidant activities of 9 compounds were tested by DPPH radical scavenging method and the preliminary phytotoxic activity of compounds 4−9 was evaluated. Result 9 compounds were isolated from R. panacis, including three sterols: ergosterol (1), 5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,9,22E-tien-3β-ol (2), and 5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol (3), and six polyketides: regiolone (4), 4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2H)-one (5), 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone(6), 2-methyl-5-carboxymenthyl-7-hydroxychromone (7), (+)-citreoisocoumarin (8), and de-O-methyldiaporthin (9). Compounds 1−9 exhibited no antioxidant activity and 4−9 did not display phytotoxic effects on ginseng roots. Conclusion Compounds 1−9 are isolated for the first time from R. panacis, enriching the database of secondary metabolites of this strain. Among them, compounds 4−9 exhibit various biological activities, but do not cause lesions in the isolated ginseng roots in the evaluation of phytotoxic activity. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 29 ref.]
- Panax ginseng,
- Rhexocercosporidium panacis,
- sterol,
- polyketides,
- biological activities

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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真菌是天然产物的重要来源之一，目前已从中挖掘了包括抗菌药物青霉素在内的大量药源分子。随着大规模化学筛选的开展，从普通真菌资源中发现结构新颖与活性显著的次级代谢产物的概率逐渐变低。因此，独特生境来源的真菌资源成为新活性化合物研究的热点^[1]。

植物病原真菌是一种潜在的植物内生真菌，一方面需抵御植物自身防御机制，另一方面需应对外界复杂环境及其他竞争者，是一类特殊生境的真菌类群，因而具有产生结构新颖化合物的潜力^[2−4]。LIU等^[5]从小麦Triticum aestivum病原真菌平脐蠕孢属真菌Bipolaris sp. TJ403-B1中分离得到一系列新骨架的蛇孢假壳素(ophiobolin)类似物(bipolarolides A~G)；KUMARIHAMY等^[6]从植物病原菌Septoria pistaciarum中分离得到具有抗疟、抑菌活性的化合物；LI等^[7]和WANG 等^[8]从小麦病原真菌小麦根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana中分离得到具有显著植物促生长活性和植物毒活性的倍半萜类化合物，进一步印证了植物病原真菌的代谢潜力。

人参Panax ginseng红皮病菌Rhexocercosporidium panacis是导致人参红皮病的病原真菌，病害主要发生在人参根部，会形成大小不一、形状不规则的红色病斑，影响人参的产量及品质，造成严重的经济损失^[9−10]。目前尚未有关于人参红皮病菌次级代谢产物研究的相关报道。为探明该菌株代谢潜力，本研究选择人参红皮病菌作为研究材料，对其大米发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取部位进行化学成分研究，首次从中分离得到了9种单体化合物，并对其抗氧化活性与植物毒活性进行初步研究。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

1.1.1. 菌株

人参红皮病菌菌株购买自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(菌种保藏编号CGMCC3.17260)。

1.1.2. 仪器与试剂

核磁共振仪：Bruker AM 600 (布鲁克科技有限公司，德国)，制备型色谱柱：YMC ODS-A (250 mm×10 mm，5 μm，岛津实验器材有限公司，日本)，高效液相色谱仪Agilent 1200 (安捷伦科技有限公司，美国)，半制备液相色谱仪：LC-52 (赛谱锐思科技有限公司，中国)，TG16-WS高速离心机 (湘潭湘仪仪器有限公司，中国)，KQ-500E型超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司，中国)，鼓风式干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司，中国)，暗箱式紫外分析仪(上海市宝山顾村电光仪器厂，中国)。色谱甲醇(赛默飞世尔科技，美国)，石油醚、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮等其他试剂(北京化学试剂公司，中国)，制备薄层层析硅胶(上海彭腾精细化工有限公司，中国)，Sephadex LH-20 (法玛西亚公司，瑞典)。

1.1.3. 培养基

PDA培养基配方：马铃薯200 g，葡萄糖20 g，琼脂粉20 g，去离子水1 000 mL；大米固体培养基配方：每60 g大米加入80 mL去离子水置于500 mL锥形瓶中。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 菌株发酵

人参红皮病菌菌种接种在PDA培养基上，20 ℃条件下静置培养10 d，再用接种针将其转接种于含大米培养基的500 mL锥形瓶中(121 ℃，30 min 高压灭菌锅灭菌)，25 ℃静置培养2周。共发酵80瓶。

1.2.2. 化合物的提取分离

菌株发酵结束后，向锥形瓶中加300 mL乙酸乙酯进行萃取，合并乙酸乙酯相，此操作重复3次，减压浓缩得到乙酸乙酯部位总膏(30 g)。乙酸乙酯粗提物(30 g)经正相硅胶柱粗分划段，以石油醚∶丙酮(体积比为1∶0~0∶1)梯度洗脱，依据薄层色谱法检测合并得到8个组分(Fr.1~Fr.8)。Fr.2 (500 mg)经重结晶得到化合物1 (5 mg)。Fr.3 (2.3 g)经正相硅胶柱层析，以石油醚∶丙酮(体积比为80∶1~3∶1)继续分离得到4个组分(Fr.3.1~Fr.3.4)。Fr.3.2经Sephadex LH-20 (甲醇为洗脱剂)分离得5个组分Fr.3.2.1~Fr.3.2.5，其中Fr.3.2.5经半制备液相色谱(甲醇/水，体积分数为51%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得到化合物4 [3.5 mg，保留时间(t_R)为20 min]。Fr.3.3以丙酮为洗脱剂经凝胶柱 (Sephadex LH-20)分离得到7个组分Fr.3.3.1~Fr.3.3.7，其中Fr.3.3.3有结晶析出，通过重结晶及半制备液相(甲醇/水，体积分数为98%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得到化合物2 (2.4 mg，t_R=19 min)和化合物3 (9.3 mg，t_R=23 min)。Fr.3.3.7经半制备液相(甲醇/水，0~5 min，体积分数为40%甲醇；5~35 min，体积分数为40%~80%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得到化合物6 (2.5 mg，t_R=31 min)。Fr.5 (1.3 g)经正相硅胶柱层析，以二氯甲烷∶甲醇(体积比为50∶1~0∶1)梯度洗脱得Fr.5.1~Fr.5.6，其中Fr.5.3经Sephadex LH-20 (二氯甲烷∶甲醇体积比为1∶1)分离得到Fr.5.3.1~Fr.5.3.6。Fr.5.3.5经过Sephadex LH-20 (二氯甲烷∶甲醇体积比为1∶1)分离得Fr.5.3.5.1~ Fr.5.3.5.4，其中Fr.5.3.5.3经半制备液相(甲醇/水，0~5 min，体积分数为50%甲醇；5~35 min，体积分数为50%~64%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得化合物8 (2.4 mg，t_R=19 min)，Fr.5.3.5.4经半制备液相(甲醇/水，0~5 min，体积分数为20%甲醇；5~30 min，体积分数20%~55%甲醇；30~50 min，体积分数为55%~70%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得化合物9 (2.4 mg，t_R=32 min)、化合物5 (2.4 mg，t_R=44 min)。Fr.6经Sephadex LH-20 (甲醇为洗脱剂)分离得到4个组分Fr.6.1~Fr.6.4，其中Fr.6.3经半制备液相处理(甲醇/水，0~5 min，体积分数为40%甲醇；5~30 min，体积分数为40%~60%甲醇，流速2 mL·min⁻¹)纯化得到化合物7 (2.0 mg，t_R=23 min)。

1.2.3. 抗氧化活性评价

采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基清除试验评价化合物1~9的抗氧化活性^[11]。将待测化合物及阳性对照(维生素E，VE)配置成质量浓度梯度(200、100、80、60、40、20、10、5 mg·L⁻¹)，在96孔板中加入60 μL不同质量浓度的样品或VE，然后加入60 μL的0.1 mmol·L⁻¹ DPPH甲醇溶液，振荡均匀，在黑暗中孵育2 h后，用酶标仪测定在517 nm处的吸光度，空白对照为60 μL DPPH加上60 μL甲醇。抑制率={[D(517)_blank− D(517)_sample]/D(517)_blank}×100%。其中：D(517)_blank为对照组60 μL甲醇与60 μL DPPH混合溶液吸光度，D(517)_sample为60 μL样品与60 μL DPPH混合溶液吸光度。试验重复3次，以半清除率(IC₅₀，DPPH自由基清除率为50%时的样品浓度)为评价指标。

1.2.4. 植物毒活性评价

参考文献[12]方法测定单体化合物4~9对离体人参根部的致病性。具体步骤如下：采集新鲜人参根，先用自来水清洗，去除泥土并摒弃有瑕疵的根，接着用体积分数为75%乙醇对根部进行消毒，再用打孔器在根部中心位置制作3个孔洞后，将其放置在装有滤纸片的培养皿中(滤纸片已提前用无菌水浸润)。化合物用体积分数为75%乙醇配置成质量浓度为1 g·L⁻¹的标准溶液。最后用移液枪分别吸取10 μL待测化合物标准溶液加入到人参3个孔洞中，封口膜密封后，在黑暗条件下，20 ℃孵育。体积分数为75%乙醇处理的人参根作为对照组，3 d后观察结果。

3. 讨论

本研究对人参红皮病菌次级代谢产物进行了初步研究。通过多种色谱分离技术首次从人参红皮病菌的大米发酵物中分离得到9种化合物，并通过质谱分析、核磁共振波谱分析等技术对化合物结构进行了鉴定。其中化合物1~3为麦角甾醇类化合物，4~9为聚酮类化合物。文献报道^[21]：5,8-表二氧麦角甾醇-6,9(11),22-三烯-3-醇对脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生一氧化氮(NO)具有中等抑制作用，表明该化合物具有一定抗炎活性。核桃酮和4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮都属于萘酮类化合物，其中核桃酮对莴苣Latuca sativa、萝卜Raphanus sativus、黄瓜Cucumis sativus、洋葱Allium cepa和小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的植物毒性研究结果表明：在低浓度时会刺激生长，高浓度时具有抑制作用^[22]；而4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮从多种真菌的次级代谢产物中分离得到过^[23−26]，该化合物具有一定的抗真菌和抗细菌活性，对白色念珠菌Candida albicans和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis有中等抑制作用^[27]。2009年周永平等^[16]首次报道了萘酮类化合物核桃酮和4,6,8-三羟基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮具有杀线虫活性。2,5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮与2-甲基-5-羧甲基-7-羟基色酮属于色酮类化合物，结构中的色酮环常作为关键药效基团应用于药物设计^[27]。2,5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮还具有抑制生物膜形成的能力，对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和枯草芽孢杆菌等革兰氏阳性菌有强抑制作用(抑制率达70%~80%)，对大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli和铜绿假单孢菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa等革兰氏阴性菌有中等抑制作用(抑制率为40%~60%) ^[28]。(+)-citreoisocoumarin具有抗菌活性，能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌和大肠埃希菌的生长；四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)评价结果表明：(+)-citreoisocoumarin对2株癌细胞系(MDA-MB-231，HCT 116)具有中等抑制作用^[29]。本研究也评价了所分离化合物的抗氧化活性和植物毒活性，结果显示：化合物1~9未表现出抗氧化活性，所测化合物4~9对离体人参根部没有植物毒活性。

4. 结论

本研究虽然未从人参红皮病菌发酵物中获得对人参根部有植物毒活性的化合物，但从中分离得到的化合物具有多种生物活性，表明该菌株仍具有发现活性化合物的潜力。未来，可以通过大规模发酵或改变发酵条件，进行深入的化学成分分析、分离与结构鉴定，以挖掘得到更多活性化合物，丰富该菌的次级代谢产物种类，也为人参红皮病菌病害致病因子研究提供研究基础。

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化合物	IC₅₀/(mg·L⁻¹)	化合物	IC₅₀/(mg·L⁻¹)
1	≥100	6	≥100
2	≥100	7	≥100
3	≥100	8	≥100
4	≥100	9	≥100
5	≥100	VE	9.072