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香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’为红豆杉科Taxaceae榧属Torreya多年生常绿乔木,为第三纪孑遗植物,是中国特有的珍贵经济干果[1],主要分布在浙江、安徽、福建、湖南等省的丘陵山区。自2014年浙江省提出“香榧南扩”战略以来,香榧种植区已由原来的会稽山脉向浙西南延伸。截至2019年,浙江省香榧种植面积达5.39万 hm2,坚果产量多达6 000 t,产值达15亿元[2]。
目前,食用香榧仍是香榧产业经济效益的最主要来源[3]。香榧授粉至种子成熟跨越2个年度,历时17个月,因此,通常会出现同一株树上既有去年授粉、今年膨大成熟的果实(即“2代果”),也有今年受精形成的幼果[4]。种实生长发育经历了缓生期(头年5月初至当年4月底)、速生期(当年5月初至6月底)、种子内部充实期(当年6月底至9月上中旬)以及成熟期(白露至秋分之间的9月上中旬) 4个阶段。其中,3月上旬至7月上旬为香榧种实早期生长的关键时期,也是营养枝生长和花芽分化的重要时期,因此该阶段枝叶及种实内部的营养状况直接影响香榧种实膨大、成熟及品质[5]。研究发现:氮、磷、钙能够促进速生期香榧种实生长,钾能够提供种实膨大结束后的树体营养需求,种实采收后补充镁能够提高香榧的产量和质量[6]。另外,在澳洲坚果Macadamia integrifolia生长前期(3—6月),树体内的氮、钾主要用于开花、坐果及果实的生长发育;随着果实的成熟,氮、钾在叶片中大幅度升高,并逐渐用于营养生长[7]。薄壳山核桃Caraya illinoensis果实膨大期对氮、磷、钾的需求量较大[8]。香榧种实快速膨大过程一般从5月上旬开始,到6月下旬结束[5]。目前,对香榧栽培方面的研究较多,如土壤类型以及叶面施肥对香榧种实品质的影响等[9−10],但对香榧种实生长早期枝叶和种实中的矿质元素积累、分配的动态特征研究较少。本研究对香榧种实生长早期矿质元素的积累量和质量分数的动态变化进行研究和分析,旨在从营养供需的角度为提高香榧质量、产量和科学施肥提供理论依据。
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