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20世纪70年代以来,二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高引起的气候变暖已成为广泛关注的热点问题[1]。土壤作为陆地最大碳库,储存着全球约三分之二的碳,并可通过土壤呼吸向大气排放占全球25%的碳[2]。土壤呼吸是由土壤微生物、植物根系、土壤动物共同作用产生CO2的生物生态学过程[2]。目前,土壤呼吸组分的研究集中于根系与微生物的贡献,而关于土壤动物对CO2排放贡献的研究却相对缺乏[3]。土壤动物直接释放的CO2约为土壤总呼吸的5%~10%,同时,土壤动物还会通过机械扰动、取食、筑巢及与微生物协同共生等间接方式调控CO2释放[4]。蚂蚁作为森林生态系统中种类和数量最丰富的土壤动物类群之一,不仅可通过自身代谢活动直接产生CO2,也可通过影响土壤的物理性质、化学转化和微生物代谢等调控土壤呼吸动态[5]。
已有研究表明:蚂蚁巢穴土壤中CO2的释放量显著高于非蚁巢土壤,这可能与蚂蚁取食和代谢活动积累大量有机物有关[6];蚁巢土壤内氮磷无机盐养分含量高于其周围土壤,从而增加土壤微生物量、活性及功能多样性,加速有机质分解产生CO2[7];同时,蚂蚁筑巢和代谢活动会增加巢穴中土壤含水率,而较高的湿度能够促进微生物分解有机物质,从而增加CO2的排放[8];另外,蚂蚁筑巢过程中对土壤的物理扰动以及其构建的大量通道改变了土壤质地和通气性,可能显著影响土壤CO2的排放[9]。因此,蚂蚁活动能够直接或者间接调控土壤呼吸动态。
近年来,国内外学者主要对寒带、温带、亚热带的森林、草地或农田土壤呼吸进行了研究,而关于热带森林土壤呼吸的研究却相对缺乏[10]。西双版纳地貌复杂、热量丰富、雨量充沛、干湿季分明,蚂蚁区系分布最为丰富多样[11]。本研究选择西双版纳小果野芭蕉Musa acuminata群落为样地,原位连续测定土壤呼吸速率的季节动态,分析蚂蚁活动引起土壤微生物及理化性质变化及其与土壤呼吸之间的关系,以期为精确评估热带雨林碳源汇过程提供基础数据,有助于探明蚂蚁活动对热带森林土壤呼吸动态影响的生物学机制。
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图1结果表明:4个月蚁巢平均土壤呼吸速率(7.19 μmol·m−2·s−1)显著高于非巢地(5.24 μmol·m−2·s−1),蚂蚁筑巢增加了37%的土壤呼吸速率。蚁巢地和非蚁巢地的土壤呼吸速率均随月份呈单峰型变化趋势,最大值出现在9月(10.64和7.90 μmol·m−2·s−1),最小值在12月(4.11和3.16 μmol·m−2·s−1),蚁巢地和非蚁巢地9月土壤呼吸速率分别为12月的2.57倍和2.50倍。蚁巢地和非蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率仅在6和9月差异显著(P<0.05)。
图 1 蚂蚁筑巢对土壤呼吸速率的时间动态影响
Figure 1. Effect of ant nesting on the seasonal dynamics of soil respiration rates
蚁巢地和非蚁巢地不同土壤温度、土壤含水率及微生物生物量碳质量分数均呈现与土壤呼吸速率相似的单峰型季节变化,其中最大值在9月(图2)。不同月份蚁巢地3个土层温度与微生物生物量碳质量分数均显著高于非蚁巢地(P<0.05),3、6、9和12月蚁巢3个土层平均温度增加量分别为8.72%、8.03%、7.76%和6.22%,而微生物生物量碳则分别提升了130.00%、78.81%、44.87%和28.36%。除9月外,蚁巢地不同土层含水率显著低于非蚁巢地(P<0.05),3、6和12月3个土层平均值分别降低了10.73%、24.74%和12.59%。结果表明蚂蚁筑巢影响土壤温湿度及微生物生物量碳的季节变化。
图 2 蚂蚁筑巢对土壤温湿度及微生物量碳时空变化的影响
Figure 2. Effects of ant nesting on spatiotemporal dynamics of temperature, water, and microbial biomass carbon in soils
蚁巢地与非蚁巢地不同月份土壤温度、土壤含水率及微生物生物量碳质量分数均表现为随着土层的加深而下降。相较于0~5 cm土层,10~15 cm蚁巢地平均土壤温度、土壤含水率和微生物生物量碳质量分数分别下降了5.53%、13.87%、29.73%,而非蚁巢地10~15 cm土层平均土壤温度、土壤含水率和微生物生物量碳质量分数较0~5 cm土层分别下降了3.10%、14.46%、32.46%。结果表明蚂蚁筑巢显著改变了土壤温湿度及微生物生物量碳沿土层的垂直分布特征。
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蚁巢地与非蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率均随不同土层温度呈指数增加的变化趋势(图3,P<0.05)。不同土层温度变化对土壤呼吸速率的解释率蚁巢地(80.26%~85.22%)均高于非蚁巢地(66.70%~81.09%);蚁巢地与非蚁巢地不同土层温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的解释率从低到高依次为0~5、5~10、10~15 cm。不同土层土壤呼吸速率对温度的敏感性(Q10)为蚁巢地(2.22~2.34)高于非蚁巢地(1.91~1.99)。蚁巢地土壤Q10最大值出现在0~5 cm土层,而非蚁巢地土壤Q10最大值则在10~15 cm土层。可见,蚂蚁筑巢引起的土层温度变化对土壤呼吸速率产生了重要影响。
图 3 不同土层温度和土壤呼吸速率的关系
Figure 3. Linkage of soil respiration rate with soil temperature in different soil layers
蚁巢地与非蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率均随不同土层水分呈二次增加趋势(表1, P<0.01)。不同土层水分变化对蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率的解释率蚁巢地(71.96%~79.01%)均小于非蚁巢地(76.45%~89.28%)。蚁巢地与非蚁巢地不同土层水分对土壤呼吸速率的解释率均表现为上层土壤低于下层土壤。
表 1 不同土层土壤水分(x)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)的关系
Table 1. Linkage of soil respiration rate (Rs) with soil water content (x) in different soil layers
处理 土层/cm 方程 R2 P 蚁巢地土壤 0~5 Rs=−0.021 9x2 + 1.386 1x−9.361 6 0.719 6 0.001 5~10 Rs=−0.018 6x2 + 1.247 2x−7.126 9 0.754 9 0.001 10~15 Rs=−0.030 7x2 + 1.626 5x−8.939 7 0.790 1 0.002 非蚁巢地土壤 0~5 Rs=−0.007 2x2 + 0.683 5x−4.679 9 0.764 5 0.000 5~10 Rs=−0.000 5x2 + 0.367 7x−0.940 6 0.8753 0.001 10~15 Rs=−0.000 6x2 + 0.553 0x−1.125 6 0.8928 0.002 蚁巢地与非蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率均随不同土层微生物生物量碳质量分数呈指数增加的变化趋势(图4,P<0.01)。不同土层微生物生物量碳质量分数变化对土壤呼吸速率的解释率表现为蚁巢地(65.23%~74.33%)均高于非蚁巢地(45.93%~62.82%)。蚁巢地与非蚁巢地不同土层微生物生物量碳质量分数对土壤呼吸速率的解释率从高到低依次为0~5、5~10、10~15 cm。
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表2结果表明:蚂蚁活动显著影响了土壤理化性质(P<0.05)。相较于非蚁巢地,蚁巢地土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和微生物生物量碳质量分数分别增加了5.29%、31.98%、27.20%;全氮、水解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数分别提升了40.00%、39.81%、17.41%、65.95%;土壤pH上升了19.20%,而容重则降低了27.45%。
表 2 蚂蚁筑巢对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2. Effects of ant nesting on soil physicochemical properties
处理 容重/
(g·cm−3)pH 总有机碳/
(g·kg−1)易氧化碳/
(g·kg−1)微生物生物量碳/
(g·kg−1)全氮/
(g·kg−1)水解氮/
(mg·kg−1)硝态氮/
(mg·kg−1)铵态氮/
(mg·kg−1)蚁巢地 1.02±0.09 b 6.83±0.31 a 35.22±6.00 a 16.55±3.91 a 1.59±0.75 a 0.91±0.80 a 213.42±57.38 a 2.90±1.55 a 16.96±5.48 a 非蚁巢地 1.30±0.16 a 5.73±0.25 b 33.45±7.60 b 12.54±3.77 b 1.25±1.97 b 0.65±0.39 b 152.65±94.42 b 2.47±1.05 b 10.22±6.24 b 说明:不同小写字母表示蚁巢地和非蚁巢地土壤理化性质差异显著(P<0.05)。 图5结果表明:主成分1和主成分2对土壤呼吸的贡献率分别为56.8%和9.8%,累计解释了66.6%的数据变异。按箭头夹角来看,温度、水分、微生物生物量碳、总有机碳、铵态氮与土壤呼吸速率的夹角较小,说明它们是调控土壤呼吸速率变化的主控因子,全氮、水解氮和易氧化有机碳对土壤呼吸的贡献率次之,而硝态氮的贡献最小。另外,容重和pH与呼吸速率的夹角为钝角,与土壤呼吸速率呈负相关性且贡献亦较少。
Effects of ant activities on seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in the Musa acuminata communities of Xishuangbanna
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摘要:
目的 揭示蚂蚁活动对热带森林土壤呼吸的影响,为探索土壤动物介导“地—气”碳交换的生物学机制提供数据支撑。 方法 以西双版纳小果野芭蕉Musa acuminata群落为研究对象,设置蚂蚁巢穴与非蚁巢地2种处理,采用Li-6400-09测定土壤呼吸速率,并分析蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤温湿度、微生物生物量碳及碳氮库组分的改变对土壤呼吸动态的影响。 结果 ①蚁巢地土壤呼吸速率(7.19 μmol·m−2·s−1)是非蚁巢地(5.24 μmol·m−2·s−1)的1.37倍;②蚁巢地与非蚁巢地土壤呼吸均呈单峰型季节波动,其中最大值出现在9月(10.64,7.90 μmol·m−2·s−1);③蚁巢地不同土层土壤温度与微生物生物量碳变化对土壤呼吸的平均解释率(82.32%、70.85%)均显著高于非蚁巢地(73.20%、52.50%)(P<0.05),但蚁巢地水分对土壤呼吸速率的解释率低于非蚁巢地;④蚂蚁活动增加土壤碳氮库各组分含量达5.29%~65.95%,并显著促进土壤呼吸速率;⑤主成分分析结果表明:蚁巢地土壤温湿度、微生物生物量碳、总有机碳、铵态氮变化是土壤呼吸的主控因子。 结论 蚂蚁筑巢主要改变土壤微气候及碳氮库组分含量,进而驱动热带森林土壤呼吸的季节变化。图5表2参38 Abstract:Objective This study, with an attempt to uncover the impact of ant activities on soil respiration in tropical forest soils, is aimed to provide database for the exploration of the biological mechanism of how soil fauna mediate “land-atmosphere” carbon exchange. Method With two experimental treatments (ant nests VS the control) set up in the Musa acuminata community in tropical Xishuangbanna, the soil respiration rates were measured employing the Li-6400-09-portable respiration chambers before an analysis was conducted of the ant-mediated effects of the changes in temperature and moisture, microbial biomass carbon, and the levels of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) components on soil respiration. Result (1) Soil respiration rates were 1.37-fold higher in ant nests (7.19 μmol·m−2·s−1) than in reference soils (5.24 μmol·m−2·s−1). (2) Soil respiration had a single-peak temporal fluctuation in ant nests and the reference soils, with the maximum observed in September (10.64, 7.90 μmol·m−2·s−1). (3) The average interpreted extents of soil respiration variations by ant nest temperature and microbial biomass carbon (82.32%, 70.85%) in three soil layers were both higher than those in control soils (73.20%, 52.50%) (P<0.05) whereas the interpretation extent of respiration variations by nest moisture was lower than that in reference soils. (4) Ant activities elevated the levels of soil C and N pool (5.29%−65.95%), thereby affecting soil respiration rate. (5) Ant-mediatied changes of temperature, moisture, microbial biomass carbon, total organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen were the main factors controlling soil respiration in accordance with the principal component analysis. Conclusion Ant activities can mediate the soil respiration process, mainly through modifying the soil microclimate, the size of carbon and nitrogen pools in tropical forest. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.] -
Key words:
- ant nest /
- Musa acuminata /
- tropical forests /
- soil respiration /
- seasonal fluctuation
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表 1 不同土层土壤水分(x)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)的关系
Table 1. Linkage of soil respiration rate (Rs) with soil water content (x) in different soil layers
处理 土层/cm 方程 R2 P 蚁巢地土壤 0~5 Rs=−0.021 9x2 + 1.386 1x−9.361 6 0.719 6 0.001 5~10 Rs=−0.018 6x2 + 1.247 2x−7.126 9 0.754 9 0.001 10~15 Rs=−0.030 7x2 + 1.626 5x−8.939 7 0.790 1 0.002 非蚁巢地土壤 0~5 Rs=−0.007 2x2 + 0.683 5x−4.679 9 0.764 5 0.000 5~10 Rs=−0.000 5x2 + 0.367 7x−0.940 6 0.8753 0.001 10~15 Rs=−0.000 6x2 + 0.553 0x−1.125 6 0.8928 0.002 表 2 蚂蚁筑巢对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2. Effects of ant nesting on soil physicochemical properties
处理 容重/
(g·cm−3)pH 总有机碳/
(g·kg−1)易氧化碳/
(g·kg−1)微生物生物量碳/
(g·kg−1)全氮/
(g·kg−1)水解氮/
(mg·kg−1)硝态氮/
(mg·kg−1)铵态氮/
(mg·kg−1)蚁巢地 1.02±0.09 b 6.83±0.31 a 35.22±6.00 a 16.55±3.91 a 1.59±0.75 a 0.91±0.80 a 213.42±57.38 a 2.90±1.55 a 16.96±5.48 a 非蚁巢地 1.30±0.16 a 5.73±0.25 b 33.45±7.60 b 12.54±3.77 b 1.25±1.97 b 0.65±0.39 b 152.65±94.42 b 2.47±1.05 b 10.22±6.24 b 说明:不同小写字母表示蚁巢地和非蚁巢地土壤理化性质差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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