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西红花Crocus sativus为鸢尾科Iridaceae番红花属Crocus多年生草本植物，又称番红花、藏红花，以干燥柱头入药，属药食同源中药材，被历代医家所推崇，被誉为“红色金子”，2018年被浙江省人民政府认定为新“浙八味”之一。西红花原产于伊朗、希腊、印度、西班牙、意大利、摩洛哥等地[1]，喜冷凉、耐寒、不耐涝，适合在疏松肥沃、腐殖质丰富、排水良好的沙质土壤种植[2]，在中国山东、江苏、北京、河南等20多个省、市都有一定的种植面积。大量研究发现：西红花具有调血脂[3]、抗肿瘤[4]、抗氧化[5-7]、抗癌[8-9]、防治动脉粥样硬化[10]、抗抑郁[11-12]、预防阿尔茨海默症[13]等多种药用活性。除柱头外，副产物花瓣也具有抗氧化的药用活性[14]。但是西红花是三倍体植物，只能通过无性繁殖繁育新球茎，极易积累病害；同时由于西红花种植面积不断扩大，球茎腐烂病逐年加重，大量球茎在田间生长期和收获储藏期腐烂，球茎减产严重，西红花的产量与品质受到影响[15-19]。目前，围绕西红花的研究主要集中于以下方面：①西红花苷、西红花酸等主要药用成分药理活性研究，进一步开发西红花潜在的药用价值[3, 14]。②西红花苷生物合成途径的解析，如对西红花苷生物合成途径相关合成酶基因进行挖掘和功能解析[20-22]。③西红花价格昂贵、产量低，市面上西红花以次充好、品质参差不齐，因此精准、高效地对西红花的真伪进行鉴定显得尤为重要[23-27]。④优化西红花栽培管理模式和施肥方式，以提高西红花的品质，降低病害发生率[28-30]。⑤西红花球茎腐烂病致病菌的分离与鉴定[15]。球茎腐烂病是困扰西红花产业发展的主要问题，致病菌的分离鉴定以及相应杀菌剂或生物农药的开发利用能为产业良性发展提供保障[15]。本研究围绕西红花土壤真菌性病害、西红花内生真菌、西红花真菌性病害生防菌的挖掘鉴定等展开综述，为全面了解西红花真菌性病害、防治现状以及产业化发展提供理论依据。
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细菌、真菌、病毒等微生物都能引起西红花病害，以真菌引起的病害最为常见，造成的经济损失也最为严重[31]，西红花球茎腐烂病成为当前制约西红花产业发展的主要因素。球茎腐烂病是球茎生长期间的主要病害，常见于连作田及排水差的田块，通常由真菌引起，每年有30%以上的种植面积遭受病害[15]，严重影响球茎、柱头的产量和品质。
西红花球茎腐烂病主要有黑腐病和白腐病2种，其中黑腐病主要发生在球茎休眠期，白腐病主要发生在球茎大田生长期[32]。邹凤莲等[33]从西红花种球中分离到1株链格孢菌Alternaria alternata，回接试验发现其可引起西红花球茎腐烂，并与青霉菌一起感染球茎；相比感染单种真菌病害，腐烂更加严重。表明西红花球茎腐烂病可能是多种致病菌共同作用的结果。张国辉等[34]通过组织分离法从感病球茎中分离得到了2种致病真菌，分别为炭疽菌Anthracnose sp. 和尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum；回接试验发现：这2种真菌共同感染西红花球茎从而引起腐烂病的发生。王海玲[32]从腐烂球茎中分离获得巴西曲霉Aspergillus brasiliensis、尖孢镰刀菌F. oxysporum和桔青霉菌Penicillium citrinum等3种致病菌，但是这3种菌复合接种是否引起球茎腐烂，目前尚无明确的报道。WANI等[35]从健康球茎中分离出内生真菌红棕孔韧革菌CSE26菌株Porostereum sp.，经球茎回接及田间植株回接试验，发现该菌产生的水解酶和氯代甲氧苯基代谢物可引起西红花球茎腐烂，但病症较轻，表明红棕孔韧革菌是一种致病性较弱的病原菌。吴李芳[15]分离得到了尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰刀菌F. solani，通过回接试验证明：此2种真菌是新发现的能引起西红花球茎腐烂的致病真菌。ZHANG等[36]从浙江省建德市西红花专业合作社采样，并从黑腐病的球茎中分离鉴定了1种新的能引起西红花球茎腐烂的离生青霉菌菌株P. solitum。迄今为止，已公开报道的引起西红花球茎腐烂的致病菌包括曲霉属Aspergillus sp.、镰刀菌属Fusarium sp.、青霉菌属Penicillium sp.、炭疽菌属Anthracnose sp. 和链格孢菌属Alternaria sp.，其中镰刀菌属还会引起其他药用植物如黄芪Astragalus membranaceus[16]、人参Panax ginseng[19]、半夏Pinellia ternata[37]等根茎的腐烂(表1)。因此，防治镰刀菌属真菌病害可减少西红花田间病害的发生，在生产上具有实际应用价值。
表 1 西红花球茎腐烂致病真菌及其来源
Table 1. Summary of pathomycete isolation from rotting bulbs of C. sativus
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研究表明：同一物种内生真菌的种类和数量会受品种、生长条件、取材的组织部位等因素影响，并常存在显著差异[41]。因此，分离西红花内生真菌需要对植株的不同组织部位(如根、茎、叶等)分别取材。目前，西红花内生真菌的分离主要采用组织分离法，即分别将不同部位的西红花组织切成小块彻底消毒后，将其置于马铃薯葡萄糖培养基上25 ℃培养，待其生长出菌落后挑其边缘进行纯化，已纯化的内生真菌还需要进行形态学鉴定和分子水平鉴定。西红花内生真菌形态学鉴定主要包括真菌的宏观和微观特征。宏观特征如菌落正反面颜色、菌落质地(絮状、毛毡状、质密、疏松)、菌落生长速度、菌落表面是否产生液滴等[42-44]；微观特征如菌丝形状、孢子形状(卵形、倒棒形、倒梨形、卵圆形、椭圆形等)、有无隔膜、有无孢子等[45]。西红花内生真菌分子水平鉴定指采用通用引物对真菌基因组DNA特定基因序列进行扩增。目前西红花分子鉴定的引物主要包括：内部转录间隔区引物(ITS)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ亚基引物(RPB2)和β-微管蛋白基因引物(β-tubulin)[46]。
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内生真菌可从宿主中吸取营养供给自身生长所需，并产生代谢物刺激植物组织的生长与发育，提高宿主对生物或非生物胁迫的耐受性，调控宿主细胞次生代谢产物的生物合成，具有单独生产与宿主相同或相似活性物质的能力，是有益的微生物资源[35]。此外，内生真菌及其代谢产物还具有抑菌[47-49]、固氮[50]、提高植物抗性[50-51]、抗癌[48]等多种功能。可见内生真菌具有促进植物生长、提高抗性的作用。
西红花主要活性成分(如西红花苷、西红花酸等)药用价值较高，但产量低、价格昂贵。因此，许多科研工作者将目光转向了西红花内生真菌的研究。WANI等[52]发现：西红花内生真菌被孢霉Mortierella alpina CS10E4在促进西红花生长、增加类胡萝卜素积累、提高植株抗性等方面具有显著效果；田间试验表明：经过内生处理的西红花植株，球茎总生物量、球茎大小、柱头生物量、顶端出芽芽数、不定根数等形态和生理性状均有显著改善。分子机制可能是该菌通过调控关键代谢途径基因的表达，将代谢流引向促进类胡萝卜素合成的路径，从而显著提高寄主类胡萝卜素的含量。ZHENG等[53]从西红花内生真菌酒色青霉P. vinaceum培养物的活性成分中分离到了喹唑啉生物碱化合物，认为其具有潜在的细胞毒性和抗真菌活性。WANI等[54]研究发现：西红花内生真菌甘瓶霉Phialophora mustea可提高寄主植物对多种环境胁迫因子的耐受性，代谢产物具有潜在的抗菌和抗癌活性。多数内生真菌还会产生大量吲哚乙酸(IAA)以促进宿主植物的生长[42, 54]。此外，WEN等[55]对内生真菌胞外多糖(EPS)的研究发现：EPS能有效清除超氧化物阴离子自由基，是一种潜在的生物活性来源，适用于制药和食品工业。
由此可见，内生菌是重要的生物资源。研究植物内生菌，了解植物与微生物之间的关系，有助于促进西红花的可持续栽培，提高产量。
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生物防治菌是存在于种植土壤或植物根系表面的微生物，可通过多种机制抑制病原菌，如拮抗作用[56]、溶菌作用、营养和空间竞争[57]、提高植物抗性[58]、促进植物生长[59]、产生抗生素或刺激植物防御反应等。因此，生防菌可作为化学药剂的环保替代品，在降低西红花发病率的同时，对环境和寄主无任何损伤[31]。目前西红花栽培方面研究较为成熟的生防菌有假单胞菌Pseudomonas[60]、木霉菌Trichoderma[61]和芽孢杆菌Bacillus[62]等。
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芽孢杆菌是一种能够有效防治西红花真菌病害的生防细菌。陶中云等[63]从西红花土壤中分离并鉴定了1株蜂房类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus alvei ZJUB2011-1菌株，该菌株对西红花球茎腐烂病的防治效率高达57.14%，与多菌灵防治效率相当[64]。吴李芳[15]从西红花根际土壤中分离到1株对西红花球茎腐烂病具有较好防治效果的解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C612菌株，发现C612菌株通过产生脂肽类抗生素抑制病原菌的生长，并且对西红花有较好的促生长作用。KOUR等[65]从西红花根际土壤中分离了3种芽孢杆菌，分别为苏云金芽孢杆菌B. thuringiensis DC1菌株、巨大芽孢杆菌B. megaterium VC3菌株和解淀粉芽孢杆菌B. amyloliquefaciens DC8菌株；田间试验发现这3株芽孢杆菌都能明显促进西红花植株生长，降低球茎发病率。此外，GUPTA等[66]发现枯草芽孢杆菌B. subtilis、荧光假单胞菌P. fluorescens和棘孢木霉菌T. asperellum不仅降低了西红花病原菌数量和病害发生率，有效防治西红花球茎腐烂病，还有利于延长西红花的花期(表2)。目前，针对芽孢杆菌生物防治和促进植物生长方面已开展了系统的研究，部分菌株已实现商品化，产生了较大的经济效益[67]。
表 2 已报道的西红花生防菌
Table 2. Biocontrol bacterium of C. sativus had been reported
菌株名称 菌株类型 来源 作 用 参考文献 蜂房类芽孢杆菌 Paenibacillus alvei ZJUB2011-1 细菌 根际土壤 防治球茎腐烂病 [63] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C612 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌生长 [15] 苏云金芽孢杆菌 B. thuringiensis DC1 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 巨大芽孢杆菌 B. megaterium VC3 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens DC8 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 枯草芽孢杆菌 B. subtilis 细菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens 细菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 棘孢木霉菌 Trichoderma asperellum 真菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens W2 细菌 根际土壤 防治球茎腐烂病 [67] -
生防菌作为化学农药的良好替代品，可改善环境污染、降低农药残留，药用植物生防菌的挖掘与验证也是科学研究的热点。ANISHA等[68]从生姜Zingiber officinale中分离到1株顶孢属真菌Acremonium sp.，具有良好的抑菌活性；进一步研究发现：该菌可产生胶霉毒素(gliotoxin)，对病原菌具有较强的拮抗作用，表明该菌具有生物防治潜力。HAN等[69]从人参根际土壤中分离到1株具有较高抗菌活性的紫色色杆菌Chromobacterium sp. JH7菌株，该菌能产生几丁质酶、蛋白酶等抗菌分子，为开发人参生物防治剂提供了理论依据。姜云等[70]研究发现：施用生防菌株FG14可湿性粉剂能有效防治人参锈腐病，效率高达68.69%。将三菌合剂“宁盾”施用于浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii根腐病地块，发现其对植株有显著促生长、防病作用[71](表3)。综上所述，生防菌对药用植物的绿色高效种植、提升品质具有重要作用和广阔的应用前景。
表 3 生防菌在其他药用植物的挖掘与验证
Table 3. The excavation and verification of biocontrol bacteria in other traditional Chinese medicine plants
菌株名称 菌株类型 来源 功能 参考文献 顶孢属真菌 Acremonium sp. 真菌 健康生姜 产生胶霉毒素抑制病原菌 [68] 紫色色杆菌 Chromobacterium sp. JH7 细菌 人参根际土壤 产生几丁质酶、蛋白酶抑制病原菌 [69] 深海链霉菌 Streptomyces scopuliridis 细菌 人参根际土壤 产生几丁质酶、蛋白酶抑制病原菌 [69] 灰锈赤链霉菌 S. griseorubiginosus 放线菌 川芎根茎 抑制4种川芎根腐病原菌 [72] 团孢链霉菌 S. agglomeratus 放线菌 川芎根茎 抑制4种川芎根腐病原菌 [72] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens C10 细菌 人参根际土壤 改变真菌群落结构 [73] 萎缩芽孢杆菌 B. atrophaeus SXKF16-1 细菌 黄芪根际土壤 定植于根际土壤，改善土壤微生态环境 [74] 哈茨根霉 Trichoderma harzianum TharDOB-31 真菌 健康姜黄根茎 定植于根茎，产生抗真菌化合物 [75] -
西红花优质种质资源匮乏，土地连作障碍，有效的杀菌剂或生物农药匮乏，众多不利因素导致球茎腐烂病日益严重，品质和产量难以保障[15]。要解决这些困扰产业发展的核心问题，可从以下方面集中科研攻关。一是基于现代宏基因组测序技术挖掘西红花球茎腐烂致病菌、生防菌。获得不同菌株并进行功能验证，分析西红花球茎腐烂病与根际土壤微生物群落的关系，为杀菌剂或生物农药的开发提供理论依据[76-77]。如已有研究[76]通过对人参锈腐病的根际土壤、感病人参根部分别进行宏基因组测序，比较土壤微生物群落和感病人参根部微生物群落差异，分析土壤中金属元素等与锈腐病发生的相关性，系统挖掘人参锈腐病的潜在致病菌，探明了连作土壤中金属离子失衡是人参锈腐病的潜在连作障碍诱因。二是基于合成生物学和发酵工程原理，将中药活性物质代谢合成的催化酶基因在大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli、酵母、烟草Nicotiana tabacum等模式原核和真核物种中进行基因表达重构，以实现药效物质的异源高效生物合成，从而解决目前优质中药药源紧缺、药效物质不稳定等问题。目前托品烷生物碱-莨菪碱(hyoscyamine)、青蒿素(artemisinin)等药用活性物质已实现基于合成生物学技术方法的异源生物全合成[78-80]。因此，从分子水平解析西红花苷、西红花酸等主要活性成分代谢合成的催化酶基因或调控基因，能为优质西红花转基因新品种的培育以及基于合成生物学技术手段的西红花主要活性成分的异源生物合成提供理论和应用依据[81-82]。三是脱毒中药种苗的规模化应用可有效缓解中药植物连作引起的病虫害频发的生产问题。目前，滁菊Chrysanthemum morifolium [83]、半夏Pinellia ternata[84]、怀地黄Rehmannia glutinosa [85]等中药材脱毒种苗在生产上的规模化应用有效扭转了土地连作引起的病虫害频发、严重影响生产效能的不利局面。西红花植株病害严重，创制西红花脱毒新种质，能为生产上提供可靠的优质西红花种源，提高生产效益[86-89]。
Research progress of fungal diseases in Crocus sativus and identification of biocontrol bacteria
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摘要: 西红花Crocus sativus为多年生草本植物，具有活血化瘀、凉血解毒、抗癌、抗氧化等多种药用价值。由于无性繁殖及连作障碍，西红花病害日益严重；以真菌性引起的西红花球茎腐烂病害最为常见，造成西红花产量锐减，严重影响产业发展。解决真菌性病害是提高西红花产量与品质的有效途径之一。围绕西红花土壤真菌性病害、西红花内生真菌、西红花真菌病害生防菌的分离与鉴定研究进展等展开综述，分析西红花研究前景。后续研究可以从3个方向展开，一是基于现代宏基因组测序技术挖掘西红花球茎腐烂致病菌和拮抗菌，二是基于合成生物学和发酵工程技术方法实现西红花药效物质的异源高效生物合成，三是创制西红花脱毒新种质，为生产提供可靠的优质种源。本研究能为西红花真菌性病害防治、生物菌肥的开发利用等研究提供参考。表3参89Abstract: Crocus sativus is a perennial herb with medicinal values such as promoting blood circulation and removing stasis, cooling blood and detoxification, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation. Due to vegetative propagation and successive cropping obstacle, the disease of C. sativus is aggravated day by day. And the corm rot disease caused by the fungus is the most common, which causes a sharp decline in C. sativus output, and seriously affects its industrial development. To conquer fungal disease is one of the effective ways to improve its yield and quality. In this study, the research progress on isolation and identification of soil fungal diseases, endophytic fungi and biocontrol bacteria of C. sativus is reviewed, and research prospect is analyzed. The follow-up research can be carried out from three directions. First, based on modern metagenome sequencing technology, the pathogen and antagonistic bacteria of the corm rot of C. sativus should be studied. Second, based on synthetic biology and fermentation engineering methods, heterologous and efficient biosynthesis of effective substances in C. sativus should be realized. The third is to create a new germplasm for detoxification of C. sativus to provide reliable and high quality provenance for production. This study can provide a reference for research on prevention and control of fungal diseases and the development and utilization of biological fertilizer. [Ch, 3 tab. 89 ref.]
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Key words:
- microorganism /
- Crocus sativus /
- quality /
- endophytic fungi /
- pathogenic bacteria /
- biocontrol bacterium
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表 1 西红花球茎腐烂致病真菌及其来源
Table 1. Summary of pathomycete isolation from rotting bulbs of C. sativus
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表 2 已报道的西红花生防菌
Table 2. Biocontrol bacterium of C. sativus had been reported
菌株名称 菌株类型 来源 作 用 参考文献 蜂房类芽孢杆菌 Paenibacillus alvei ZJUB2011-1 细菌 根际土壤 防治球茎腐烂病 [63] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C612 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌生长 [15] 苏云金芽孢杆菌 B. thuringiensis DC1 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 巨大芽孢杆菌 B. megaterium VC3 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens DC8 细菌 根际土壤 抑制病原菌，促进植株生长 [65] 枯草芽孢杆菌 B. subtilis 细菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens 细菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 棘孢木霉菌 Trichoderma asperellum 真菌 生防药剂 防治球茎腐烂病 [66] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens W2 细菌 根际土壤 防治球茎腐烂病 [67]
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表 3 生防菌在其他药用植物的挖掘与验证
Table 3. The excavation and verification of biocontrol bacteria in other traditional Chinese medicine plants
菌株名称 菌株类型 来源 功能 参考文献 顶孢属真菌 Acremonium sp. 真菌 健康生姜 产生胶霉毒素抑制病原菌 [68] 紫色色杆菌 Chromobacterium sp. JH7 细菌 人参根际土壤 产生几丁质酶、蛋白酶抑制病原菌 [69] 深海链霉菌 Streptomyces scopuliridis 细菌 人参根际土壤 产生几丁质酶、蛋白酶抑制病原菌 [69] 灰锈赤链霉菌 S. griseorubiginosus 放线菌 川芎根茎 抑制4种川芎根腐病原菌 [72] 团孢链霉菌 S. agglomeratus 放线菌 川芎根茎 抑制4种川芎根腐病原菌 [72] 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 B. amyloliquefaciens C10 细菌 人参根际土壤 改变真菌群落结构 [73] 萎缩芽孢杆菌 B. atrophaeus SXKF16-1 细菌 黄芪根际土壤 定植于根际土壤，改善土壤微生态环境 [74] 哈茨根霉 Trichoderma harzianum TharDOB-31 真菌 健康姜黄根茎 定植于根茎，产生抗真菌化合物 [75]
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